As mentioned in the previous lesson, there are three types of dependent clauses, all of which are tested in Structure. Adjective clauses-also called relative clauses-are the most commonly tested of the three. You will see one or two items involving adjective clauses on most tests.
Adjective clauses are a way of joining two sentences. In the joined sentence, the adjective clause
modifies (describes) a noun (called the head noun) in another clause of the sentence. It begins with an adjective clause marker.
I wanted the book. The book had already been checked out. The book which I wanted had already been checked out.
The adjective clause in this example begins with the marker which and modifies the head noun book.
Adjective clause markers are relative pronouns such as who, that, or which or the relative adverbs when or where.
| Adjective Clause Marker | Use | Example |
| who | Subject (people) | A neurologist is a doctor who specializes in the nervous system. |
| whom | Object (people) | This is the patient whom the doctor treated. |
| whose | Possessive (people) | Mr. Collins is the man whose house I rented. |
| which | Subject/Object (things) | That is a topic which interests me. (which as subject) That is the topic on which I will write. (which as object of preposition) |
| that | Subject/Object (people/things) | Art that is in public places can be enjoyed by everyone. (that as subject) The painting that Ms. Wallace bought was very expensive. (that as object) |
| where | Adverb (place) | Here is the site where the bank plans to build its new headquarters. |
| when | Adverb (time) | This is the hour when the children usually go to bed. |
Like all clauses, adjective clauses must have a subject and a verb. In some cases the adjective-clause marker itself is the subject; in some cases, there is another subject.
The painting was very expensive. Ms. Wallace bought it.
The painting which Ms. Wallace bought was very expensive.
The adjective-clause marker in the joined sentence replaces it, the object of the verb bought. In the joined sentence, the adjective clause keeps the subject–Ms. Wallace--that it had in the original sentence.
This is a topic. It interests me.
This is a topic that interests me.
The adjective-clause marker in the joined sentence replaces it, the subject of the second original sentence. In the joined sentence, the marker itself is the subject of the adjective clause. Notice that the inclusion of the pronoun it in the joined sentences above would be an error.
Incorrect:
*The painting which Ms. Wallace bought it was very expensive.
*This is a topic which it interests me.
This type of mistake is sometimes seen in distractors.
When the markers which, that, and whom are used as objects in relative clauses, they can correctly be omitted.
The painting Ms. Wallace bought is very expensive. (which omitted)
The adjective-clause markers which and whom can also be used as objects of prepositions:
That is the topic. I will write on it.
That is the topic on which I will write.
You may also see sentences with adjective clauses used in this pattern:
quantity word + of + relative clause
He met with two advisors. He had known both of them for years.
He met with two advisors, both of whom he had known for years.
I read a number of articles. Most of them were very useful.
I read a number of articles, most of which were very useful.
Any part of a relative clause can be missing from the stem of Structure items, but most often, the marker and the subject (if there is one) and the verb are missing. Any word or phrase from another clause–usually the head noun–may also be missing from the stem.
∇ Sample Item
Cable cars are moved by cables ________________ underground and are powered by a stationary engine.
(A) they run
(B) that they run
(C) run
(D) that run
Choice (A) is incorrect because the pronoun they cannot be used to join two clauses. Choice (B) is not appropriate because the subject they is not needed in the adjective clause; the marker that serves as the subject of the clause. Choice (C) is incorrect because there is no marker to join the adjective clause to the main clause. Therefore, the answer is (D).
The melting point is the temperature ______________ a solid changes to a liquid.
(A) which
(B) at which
(C) which at
(D) at
Choice (A) is incorrect because a preposition is needed before the adjective clause. Choice (C) is incorrect because the relative pronoun comes before the preposition. Choice (D) is incorrect because the relative pronoun has been omitted. Therefore, the answer is (B).
There are six types of flamingos, all ______________ have long legs, long necks, and beaks that curve sharply downward.
(A) of them
(B) that
(C) of which
(D) they
Choices (A) and (D) do not contain connecting words needed to join clauses. Choice (B) does not follow the correct pattern of relative clauses after a quantity word (all). The correct pattern needed to complete this sentence is quantity word + of + marker. Only (C) follows this pattern.