All the questions in the reading section are multiple-choice. This is the same for both levels of the exam. You will be given a series of short, academic reading passages to answer questions on. You choose either A, B, C, or D and mark your answers on the answer sheet. This is the part where you need to be very careful. Make sure, using your finger if you want to, that you have marked your answer for that question on the correct number line. You won’t have time to correct it later!
Take a look at the table for a clearer view of the structure of the reading sections for level 1 and level 2 exam papers.
| Level 1 | Level 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| Scoring range | 31-68 | 20-50 |
| Time | 35 minutes | 22 minutes |
| Number of questions | 50 | 30 |
As you can see, more marks are allocated than the number of questions. This means you may come across questions that work more than one mark.
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QUESTIONS 1 – 10
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes. In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group, and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group, and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation. In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic; the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to -achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictor term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
1. What is the author’s main purpose in the first paragraph of the passage?
QUESTIONS 1 – 10
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes. In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group, and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group, and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation. In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic; the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to -achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictor term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
2. The word cherished in line 2 is closest in meaning to
QUESTIONS 1 – 10
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes. In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group, and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation. In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic; the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to -achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictor term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
3. The word fuse in line 5 is closest in meaning to
QUESTIONS 1 – 10
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes. In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group, and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives ro the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation. In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic; the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to -achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictor term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
4. Which of the following statements about primary cooperation is supported by information in the passage?
QUESTIONS 1 – 10
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a joinrly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes. In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group, and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives ro the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation. In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic; the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to -achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each parry in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the some what contradictor term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
5. According to the passage, why do people join groups that practice secondary cooperation?
QUESTIONS 1 – 10
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a joinrly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes. In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group, and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives ro the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation. In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic; the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to -achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each parry in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the some what contradictor term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
6. Which of the following is an example of the third form of cooperation as it is defined in the fourth paragraph?
QUESTIONS 1 – 10
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a joinrly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes. In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group, and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives ro the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation. In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic; the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to -achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each parry in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the some what contradictor term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
7. Which of the following is NOT given as a name for the third type of cooperation?
QUESTIONS 1 – 10
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a joinrly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes. In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group, and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation. In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic; the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to -achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each parry in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the some what contradictor term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
8. The word fragile in line 19 is closest in meaning to
QUESTIONS 1 – 10
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a joinrly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes. In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group, and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives ro the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation. In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic; the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to -achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each parry in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the some what contradictor term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
9. As used throughout the passage, the term common is closest in meaning to which of the following?
QUESTIONS 1 – 10
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a joinrly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes. In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group, and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives ro the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation. In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic; the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to -achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each parry in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the some what contradictor term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
10. Which of the following best describes the overall organization of the passage?
QUESTIONS 11 – 22
The first scientific attempt at coaxing moisture from a cloud was in 1946, when scientist Vincent Schaefer dropped 3 pounds of dry ice from an
airplane into a cloud and, to his delight, produced snow. The success of the experiment was modest, but it spawned optimism among farmers and ranchers around the country. It seemed to them that science had finally triumphed over weather. Unfortunately, it didn’t work out that way. Although there were many cloud-seeding operations during the late 1940s and the 1950s, no one could say whether they had any effect on precipitation. Cloud seeding, or weather modification as it came to be called, was clearly more complicated than had been thought. It was not until the early 1970s that enough experiments had been done to understand the processes involved. What these studies indicated was that only certain types of clouds are amenable to seeding. One of the most responsive is the winter orographic cloud, formed when air currents encounter a mountain slope and rise. If the temperature in such a cloud is right, seeding can increase snow yield by 10 to 20 percent.
There are two major methods of weather modification. In one method, silver iodide is burned in propane-fired ground generators. The smoke rises into the clouds where the tiny silver-iodide particles act as nuclei for the formation of ice crystals. The alternate system uses airplanes to deliver dry-ice pellets. Dry ice does nor provide ice-forming nuclei, Instead, it lowers the temperature near the water droplets in the clouds so that they freeze instantly – a process called spontaneous nucleation. Seeding from aircraft is more efficient but also more expensive. About 75 percent of all weather modification in the United States takes place in the Western states. With the population of the West growing rapidly, few regions of the world require more water. About 85 percent of the waters in the rivers of the West comes from melted snow. As one expert put it, the water problems of the future may make the energy problems of the 70s seem like child’s play to solve. That’s why the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, along with state governments, municipal water districts, and private interests such as ski areas and agricultural cooperatives, is putting increased effort into cloud-seeding efforts. Without consistent and heavy snowfalls in the Rockies and Sierras, the Wes’t would literally dry up. The most intensive efforts to produce precipitation was during the West’s disastrous snow drought of 1976 – 77. It is impossible to judge the efficiency of weather modification based on one crash program, but most experts think that such hurry-up programs are not very effective.
11. What is the main subject of the passage?
QUESTIONS 11 – 22
The first scientific attempt at coaxing moisture from a cloud was in 1946, when scientist Vincent Schaefer dropped 3 pounds of dry ice from an
airplane into a cloud and, to his delight, produced snow. The success of the experiment was modest, but it spawned optimism among farmers and ranchers around the country. It seemed to them that science had finally triumphed over weather. Unfortunately, it didn’t work out that way. Although there were many cloud-seeding operations during the late 1940s and the 1950s, no one could say whether they had any effect on precipitation. Cloud seeding, or weather modification as it came to be called, was clearly more complicated than had been thought. It was not until the early 1970s that enough experiments had been done to understand the processes involved. What these studies indicated was that only certain types of clouds are amenable to seeding. One of the most responsive is the winter orographic cloud, formed when air currents encounter a mountain slope and rise. If the temperature in such a cloud is right, seeding can increase snow yield by 10 to 20 percent.
There are two major methods of weather modification. In one method, silver iodide is burned in propane-fired ground generators. The smoke rises into the clouds where the tiny silver-iodide particles act as nuclei for the formation of ice crystals. The alternate system uses airplanes to deliver dry-ice pellets. Dry ice does nor provide ice-forming nuclei, Instead, it lowers the temperature near the water droplets in the clouds so that they freeze instantly – a process called spontaneous nucleation. Seeding from aircraft is more efficient but also more expensive. About 75 percent of all weather modification in the United States takes place in the Western states. With the population of the West growing rapidly, few regions of the world require more water. About 85 percent of the waters in the rivers of the West comes from melted snow. As one expert put it, the water problems of the future may make the energy problems of the 70s seem like child’s play to solve. That’s why the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, along with state governments, municipal water districts, and private interests such as ski areas and agricultural cooperatives, is putting increased effort into cloud-seeding efforts. Without consistent and heavy snowfalls in the Rockies and Sierras, the Wes’t would literally dry up. The most intensive efforts to produce precipitation was during the West’s disastrous snow drought of 1976 – 77. It is impossible to judge the efficiency of weather modification based on one crash program, but most experts think that such hurry-up programs are not very effective.
12. The word spawned in line 4 is closest in meaning to
QUESTIONS 11 – 22
The first scientific attempt at coaxing moisture from a cloud was in 1946, when scientist Vincent Schaefer dropped 3 pounds of dry ice from an
airplane into a cloud and, to his delight, produced snow. The success of the experiment was modest, but it spawned optimism among farmers and ranchers around the country. It seemed to them that science had finally triumphed over weather. Unfortunately, it didn’t work out that way. Although there were many cloud-seeding operations during the late 1940s and the 1950s, no one could say whether they had any effect on precipitation. Cloud seeding, or weather modification as it came to be called, was clearly more complicated than had been thought. It was not until the early 1970s that enough experiments had been done to understand the processes involved. What these studies indicated was that only certain types of clouds are amenable to seeding. One of the most responsive is the winter orographic cloud, formed when air currents encounter a mountain slope and rise. If the temperature in such a cloud is right, seeding can increase snow yield by 10 to 20 percent.
There are two major methods of weather modification. In one method, silver iodide is burned in propane-fired ground generators. The smoke rises into the clouds where the tiny silver-iodide particles act as nuclei for the formation of ice crystals. The alternate system uses airplanes to deliver dry-ice pellets. Dry ice does nor provide ice-forming nuclei, Instead, it lowers the temperature near the water droplets in the clouds so that they freeze instantly – a process called spontaneous nucleation. Seeding from aircraft is more efficient but also more expensive. About 75 percent of all weather modification in the United States takes place in the Western states. With the population of the West growing rapidly, few regions of the world require more water. About 85 percent of the waters in the rivers of the West comes from melted snow. As one expert put it, the water problems of the future may make the energy problems of the 70s seem like child’s play to solve. That’s why the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, along with state governments, municipal water districts, and private interests such as ski areas and agricultural cooperatives, is putting increased effort into cloud-seeding efforts. Without consistent and heavy snowfalls in the Rockies and Sierras, the Wes’t would literally dry up. The most intensive efforts to produce precipitation was during the West’s disastrous snow drought of 1976 – 77. It is impossible to judge the efficiency of weather modification based on one crash program, but most experts think that such hurry-up programs are not very effective.
13. After the cloud-seeding operations of the late 1940s and the 1950s, the farmers and ranchers mentioned in the first paragraph probably felt
QUESTIONS 11 – 22
The first scientific attempt at coaxing moisture from a cloud was in 1946, when scientist Vincent Schaefer dropped 3 pounds of dry ice from an
airplane into a cloud and, to his delight, produced snow. The success of the experiment was modest, but it spawned optimism among farmers and ranchers around the country. It seemed to them that science had finally triumphed over weather. Unfortunately, it didn’t work out that way. Although there were many cloud-seeding operations during the late 1940s and the 1950s, no one could say whether they had any effect on precipitation. Cloud seeding, or weather modification as it came to be called, was clearly more complicated than had been thought. It was not until the early 1970s that enough experiments had been done to understand the processes involved. What these studies indicated was that only certain types of clouds are amenable to seeding. One of the most responsive is the winter orographic cloud, formed when air currents encounter a mountain slope and rise. If the temperature in such a cloud is right, seeding can increase snow yield by 10 to 20 percent.
There are two major methods of weather modification. In one method, silver iodide is burned in propane-fired ground generators. The smoke rises into the clouds where the tiny silver-iodide particles act as nuclei for the formation of ice crystals. The alternate system uses airplanes to deliver dry-ice pellets. Dry ice does nor provide ice-forming nuclei, Instead, it lowers the temperature near the water droplets in the clouds so that they freeze instantly – a process called spontaneous nucleation. Seeding from aircraft is more efficient but also more expensive. About 75 percent of all weather modification in the United States takes place in the Western states. With the population of the West growing rapidly, few regions of the world require more water. About 85 percent of the waters in the rivers of the West comes from melted snow. As one expert put it, the water problems of the future may make the energy problems of the 70s seem like child’s play to solve. That’s why the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, along with state governments, municipal water districts, and private interests such as ski areas and agricultural cooperatives, is putting increased effort into cloud-seeding efforts. Without consistent and heavy snowfalls in the Rockies and Sierras, the Wes’t would literally dry up. The most intensive efforts to produce precipitation was during the West’s disastrous snow drought of 1976 – 77. It is impossible to judge the efficiency of weather modification based on one crash program, but most experts think that such hurry-up programs are not very effective.
14. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the term weather modification?
QUESTIONS 11 – 22
The first scientific attempt at coaxing moisture from a cloud was in 1946, when scientist Vincent Schaefer dropped 3 pounds of dry ice from an
airplane into a cloud and, to his delight, produced snow. The success of the experiment was modest, but it spawned optimism among farmers and ranchers around the country. It seemed to them that science had finally triumphed over weather. Unfortunately, it didn’t work out that way. Although there were many cloud-seeding operations during the late 1940s and the 1950s, no one could say whether they had any effect on precipitation. Cloud seeding, or weather modification as it came to be called, was clearly more complicated than had been thought. It was not until the early 1970s that enough experiments had been done to understand the processes involved. What these studies indicated was that only certain types of clouds are amenable to seeding. One of the most responsive is the winter orographic cloud, formed when air currents encounter a mountain slope and rise. If the temperature in such a cloud is right, seeding can increase snow yield by 10 to 20 percent.
There are two major methods of weather modification. In one method, silver iodide is burned in propane-fired ground generators. The smoke rises into the clouds where the tiny silver-iodide particles act as nuclei for the formation of ice crystals. The alternate system uses airplanes to deliver dry-ice pellets. Dry ice does nor provide ice-forming nuclei, Instead, it lowers the temperature near the water droplets in the clouds so that they freeze instantly – a process called spontaneous nucleation. Seeding from aircraft is more efficient but also more expensive. About 75 percent of all weather modification in the United States takes place in the Western states. With the population of the West growing rapidly, few regions of the world require more water. About 85 percent of the waters in the rivers of the West comes from melted snow. As one expert put it, the water problems of the future may make the energy problems of the 70s seem like child’s play to solve. That’s why the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, along with state governments, municipal water districts, and private interests such as ski areas and agricultural cooperatives, is putting increased effort into cloud-seeding efforts. Without consistent and heavy snowfalls in the Rockies and Sierras, the Wes’t would literally dry up. The most intensive efforts to produce precipitation was during the West’s disastrous snow drought of 1976 – 77. It is impossible to judge the efficiency of weather modification based on one crash program, but most experts think that such hurry-up programs are not very effective.
15. According to the passage, winter orographic clouds are formed
QUESTIONS 11 – 22
The first scientific attempt at coaxing moisture from a cloud was in 1946, when scientist Vincent Schaefer dropped 3 pounds of dry ice from an
airplane into a cloud and, to his delight, produced snow. The success of the experiment was modest, but it spawned optimism among farmers and ranchers around the country. It seemed to them that science had finally triumphed over weather. Unfortunately, it didn’t work out that way. Although there were many cloud-seeding operations during the late 1940s and the 1950s, no one could say whether they had any effect on precipitation. Cloud seeding, or weather modification as it came to be called, was clearly more complicated than had been thought. It was not until the early 1970s that enough experiments had been done to understand the processes involved. What these studies indicated was that only certain types of clouds are amenable to seeding. One of the most responsive is the winter orographic cloud, formed when air currents encounter a mountain slope and rise. If the temperature in such a cloud is right, seeding can increase snow yield by 10 to 20 percent.
There are two major methods of weather modification. In one method, silver iodide is burned in propane-fired ground generators. The smoke rises into the clouds where the tiny silver-iodide particles act as nuclei for the formation of ice crystals. The alternate system uses airplanes to deliver dry-ice pellets. Dry ice does nor provide ice-forming nuclei, Instead, it lowers the temperature near the water droplets in the clouds so that they freeze instantly – a process called spontaneous nucleation. Seeding from aircraft is more efficient but also more expensive. About 75 percent of all weather modification in the United States takes place in the Western states. With the population of the West growing rapidly, few regions of the world require more water. About 85 percent of the waters in the rivers of the West comes from melted snow. As one expert put it, the water problems of the future may make the energy problems of the 70s seem like child’s play to solve. That’s why the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, along with state governments, municipal water districts, and private interests such as ski areas and agricultural cooperatives, is putting increased effort into cloud-seeding efforts. Without consistent and heavy snowfalls in the Rockies and Sierras, the Wes’t would literally dry up. The most intensive efforts to produce precipitation was during the West’s disastrous snow drought of 1976 – 77. It is impossible to judge the efficiency of weather modification based on one crash program, but most experts think that such hurry-up programs are not very effective.
16. To which of the following does the word they in line 22 refer?
QUESTIONS 11 – 22
The first scientific attempt at coaxing moisture from a cloud was in 1946, when scientist Vincent Schaefer dropped 3 pounds of dry ice from an
airplane into a cloud and, to his delight, produced snow. The success of the experiment was modest, but it spawned optimism among farmers and ranchers around the country. It seemed to them that science had finally triumphed over weather. Unfortunately, it didn’t work out that way. Although there were many cloud-seeding operations during the late 1940s and the 1950s, no one could say whether they had any effect on precipitation. Cloud seeding, or weather modification as it came to be called, was clearly more complicated than had been thought. It was not until the early 1970s that enough experiments had been done to understand the processes involved. What these studies indicated was that only certain types of clouds are amenable to seeding. One of the most responsive is the winter orographic cloud, formed when air currents encounter a mountain slope and rise. If the temperature in such a cloud is right, seeding can increase snow yield by 10 to 20 percent.
There are two major methods of weather modification. In one method, silver iodide is burned in propane-fired ground generators. The smoke rises into the clouds where the tiny silver-iodide particles act as nuclei for the formation of ice crystals. The alternate system uses airplanes to deliver dry-ice pellets. Dry ice does nor provide ice-forming nuclei, Instead, it lowers the temperature near the water droplets in the clouds so that they freeze instantly – a process called spontaneous nucleation. Seeding from aircraft is more efficient but also more expensive. About 75 percent of all weather modification in the United States takes place in the Western states. With the population of the West growing rapidly, few regions of the world require more water. About 85 percent of the waters in the rivers of the West comes from melted snow. As one expert put it, the water problems of the future may make the energy problems of the 70s seem like child’s play to solve. That’s why the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, along with state governments, municipal water districts, and private interests such as ski areas and agricultural cooperatives, is putting increased effort into cloud-seeding efforts. Without consistent and heavy snowfalls in the Rockies and Sierras, the Wes’t would literally dry up. The most intensive efforts to produce precipitation was during the West’s disastrous snow drought of 1976 – 77. It is impossible to judge the efficiency of weather modification based on one crash program, but most experts think that such hurry-up programs are not very effective.
17. When clouds are seeded from the ground, what actually causes ice crystals to form?
QUESTIONS 11 – 22
The first scientific attempt at coaxing moisture from a cloud was in 1946, when scientist Vincent Schaefer dropped 3 pounds of dry ice from an
airplane into a cloud and, to his delight, produced snow. The success of the experiment was modest, but it spawned optimism among farmers and ranchers around the country. It seemed to them that science had finally triumphed over weather. Unfortunately, it didn’t work out that way. Although there were many cloud-seeding operations during the late 1940s and the 1950s, no one could say whether they had any effect on precipitation. Cloud seeding, or weather modification as it came to be called, was clearly more complicated than had been thought. It was not until the early 1970s that enough experiments had been done to understand the processes involved. What these studies indicated was that only certain types of clouds are amenable to seeding. One of the most responsive is the winter orographic cloud, formed when air currents encounter a mountain slope and rise. If the temperature in such a cloud is right, seeding can increase snow yield by 10 to 20 percent.
There are two major methods of weather modification. In one method, silver iodide is burned in propane-fired ground generators. The smoke rises into the clouds where the tiny silver-iodide particles act as nuclei for the formation of ice crystals. The alternate system uses airplanes to deliver dry-ice pellets. Dry ice does nor provide ice-forming nuclei, Instead, it lowers the temperature near the water droplets in the clouds so that they freeze instantly – a process called spontaneous nucleation. Seeding from aircraft is more efficient but also more expensive. About 75 percent of all weather modification in the United States takes place in the Western states. With the population of the West growing rapidly, few regions of the world require more water. About 85 percent of the waters in the rivers of the West comes from melted snow. As one expert put it, the water problems of the future may make the energy problems of the 70s seem like child’s play to solve. That’s why the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, along with state governments, municipal water districts, and private interests such as ski areas and agricultural cooperatives, is putting increased effort into cloud-seeding efforts. Without consistent and heavy snowfalls in the Rockies and Sierras, the Wes’t would literally dry up. The most intensive efforts to produce precipitation was during the West’s disastrous snow drought of 1976 – 77. It is impossible to judge the efficiency of weather modification based on one crash program, but most experts think that such hurry-up programs are not very effective.
18. Clouds would most likely be seeded from airplanes when
QUESTIONS 11 – 22
The first scientific attempt at coaxing moisture from a cloud was in 1946, when scientist Vincent Schaefer dropped 3 pounds of dry ice from an
airplane into a cloud and, to his delight, produced snow. The success of the experiment was modest, but it spawned optimism among farmers and ranchers around the country. It seemed to them that science had finally triumphed over weather. Unfortunately, it didn’t work out that way. Although there were many cloud-seeding operations during the late 1940s and the 1950s, no one could say whether they had any effect on precipitation. Cloud seeding, or weather modification as it came to be called, was clearly more complicated than had been thought. It was not until the early 1970s that enough experiments had been done to understand the processes involved. What these studies indicated was that only certain types of clouds are amenable to seeding. One of the most responsive is the winter orographic cloud, formed when air currents encounter a mountain slope and rise. If the temperature in such a cloud is right, seeding can increase snow yield by 10 to 20 percent.
There are two major methods of weather modification. In one method, silver iodide is burned in propane-fired ground generators. The smoke rises into the clouds where the tiny silver-iodide particles act as nuclei for the formation of ice crystals. The alternate system uses airplanes to deliver dry-ice pellets. Dry ice does nor provide ice-forming nuclei, Instead, it lowers the temperature near the water droplets in the clouds so that they freeze instantly – a process called spontaneous nucleation. Seeding from aircraft is more efficient but also more expensive. About 75 percent of all weather modification in the United States takes place in the Western states. With the population of the West growing rapidly, few regions of the world require more water. About 85 percent of the waters in the rivers of the West comes from melted snow. As one expert put it, the water problems of the future may make the energy problems of the 70s seem like child’s play to solve. That’s why the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, along with state governments, municipal water districts, and private interests such as ski areas and agricultural cooperatives, is putting increased effort into cloud-seeding efforts. Without consistent and heavy snowfalls in the Rockies and Sierras, the Wes’t would literally dry up. The most intensive efforts to produce precipitation was during the West’s disastrous snow drought of 1976 – 77. It is impossible to judge the efficiency of weather modification based on one crash program, but most experts think that such hurry-up programs are not very effective.
19. About what percentage of the western United States’ water supply comes from run-off from melted snow?
QUESTIONS 11 – 22
The first scientific attempt at coaxing moisture from a cloud was in 1946, when scientist Vincent Schaefer dropped 3 pounds of dry ice from an
airplane into a cloud and, to his delight, produced snow. The success of the experiment was modest, but it spawned optimism among farmers and ranchers around the country. It seemed to them that science had finally triumphed over weather. Unfortunately, it didn’t work out that way. Although there were many cloud-seeding operations during the late 1940s and the 1950s, no one could say whether they had any effect on precipitation. Cloud seeding, or weather modification as it came to be called, was clearly more complicated than had been thought. It was not until the early 1970s that enough experiments had been done to understand the processes involved. What these studies indicated was that only certain types of clouds are amenable to seeding. One of the most responsive is the winter orographic cloud, formed when air currents encounter a mountain slope and rise. If the temperature in such a cloud is right, seeding can increase snow yield by 10 to 20 percent.
There are two major methods of weather modification. In one method, silver iodide is burned in propane-fired ground generators. The smoke rises into the clouds where the tiny silver-iodide particles act as nuclei for the formation of ice crystals. The alternate system uses airplanes to deliver dry-ice pellets. Dry ice does nor provide ice-forming nuclei, Instead, it lowers the temperature near the water droplets in the clouds so that they freeze instantly – a process called spontaneous nucleation. Seeding from aircraft is more efficient but also more expensive. About 75 percent of all weather modification in the United States takes place in the Western states. With the population of the West growing rapidly, few regions of the world require more water. About 85 percent of the waters in the rivers of the West comes from melted snow. As one expert put it, the water problems of the future may make the energy problems of the 70s seem like child’s play to solve. That’s why the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, along with state governments, municipal water districts, and private interests such as ski areas and agricultural cooperatives, is putting increased effort into cloud-seeding efforts. Without consistent and heavy snowfalls in the Rockies and Sierras, the Wes’t would literally dry up. The most intensive efforts to produce precipitation was during the West’s disastrous snow drought of 1976 – 77. It is impossible to judge the efficiency of weather modification based on one crash program, but most experts think that such hurry-up programs are not very effective.
20. What does the author imply about the energy problems of the 1970s?
QUESTIONS 11 – 22
The first scientific attempt at coaxing moisture from a cloud was in 1946, when scientist Vincent Schaefer dropped 3 pounds of dry ice from an
airplane into a cloud and, to his delight, produced snow. The success of the experiment was modest, but it spawned optimism among farmers and ranchers around the country. It seemed to them that science had finally triumphed over weather. Unfortunately, it didn’t work out that way. Although there were many cloud-seeding operations during the late 1940s and the 1950s, no one could say whether they had any effect on precipitation. Cloud seeding, or weather modification as it came to be called, was clearly more complicated than had been thought. It was not until the early 1970s that enough experiments had been done to understand the processes involved. What these studies indicated was that only certain types of clouds are amenable to seeding. One of the most responsive is the winter orographic cloud, formed when air currents encounter a mountain slope and rise. If the temperature in such a cloud is right, seeding can increase snow yield by 10 to 20 percent.
There are two major methods of weather modification. In one method, silver iodide is burned in propane-fired ground generators. The smoke rises into the clouds where the tiny silver-iodide particles act as nuclei for the formation of ice crystals. The alternate system uses airplanes to deliver dry-ice pellets. Dry ice does nor provide ice-forming nuclei, Instead, it lowers the temperature near the water droplets in the clouds so that they freeze instantly – a process called spontaneous nucleation. Seeding from aircraft is more efficient but also more expensive. About 75 percent of all weather modification in the United States takes place in the Western states. With the population of the West growing rapidly, few regions of the world require more water. About 85 percent of the waters in the rivers of the West comes from melted snow. As one expert put it, the water problems of the future may make the energy problems of the 70s seem like child’s play to solve. That’s why the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, along with state governments, municipal water districts, and private interests such as ski areas and agricultural cooperatives, is putting increased effort into cloud-seeding efforts. Without consistent and heavy snowfalls in the Rockies and Sierras, the West would literally dry up. The most intensive efforts to produce precipitation was during the West’s disastrous snow drought of 1976 – 77. It is impossible to judge the efficiency of weather modification based on one crash program, but most experts think that such hurry-up programs are not very effective.
21. The author mentions agricultural cooperatives (line 32) as an example of
QUESTIONS 11 – 22
The first scientific attempt at coaxing moisture from a cloud was in 1946, when scientist Vincent Schaefer dropped 3 pounds of dry ice from an
airplane into a cloud and, to his delight, produced snow. The success of the experiment was modest, but it spawned optimism among farmers and ranchers around the country. It seemed to them that science had finally triumphed over weather. Unfortunately, it didn’t work out that way. Although there were many cloud-seeding operations during the late 1940s and the 1950s, no one could say whether they had any effect on precipitation. Cloud seeding, or weather modification as it came to be called, was clearly more complicated than had been thought. It was not until the early 1970s that enough experiments had been done to understand the processes involved. What these studies indicated was that only certain types of clouds are amenable to seeding. One of the most responsive is the winter orographic cloud, formed when air currents encounter a mountain slope and rise. If the temperature in such a cloud is right, seeding can increase snow yield by 10 to 20 percent.
There are two major methods of weather modification. In one method, silver iodide is burned in propane-fired ground generators. The smoke rises into the clouds where the tiny silver-iodide particles act as nuclei for the formation of ice crystals. The alternate system uses airplanes to deliver dry-ice pellets. Dry ice does nor provide ice-forming nuclei, Instead, it lowers the temperature near the water droplets in the clouds so that they freeze instantly – a process called spontaneous nucleation. Seeding from aircraft is more efficient but also more expensive. About 75 percent of all weather modification in the United States takes place in the Western states. With the population of the West growing rapidly, few regions of the world require more water. About 85 percent of the waters in the rivers of the West comes from melted snow. As one expert put it, the water problems of the future may make the energy problems of the 70s seem like child’s play to solve. That’s why the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, along with state governments, municipal water districts, and private interests such as ski areas and agricultural cooperatives, is putting increased effort into cloud-seeding efforts. Without consistent and heavy snowfalls in the Rockies and Sierras, the Wes’t would literally dry up. The most intensive efforts to produce precipitation was during the West’s disastrous snow drought of 1976 – 77. It is impossible to judge the efficiency of weather modification based on one crash program, but most experts think that such hurry-up programs are not very effective.
22. It can be inferred from the passage that the weather-modification project of 1976-77 was
QUESTIONS 23 – 30
The biological community changes again as one moves from the city to the suburbs. Around all cities is a biome called the “suburban forest.” The trees of this forest are species that are favored by man, and most of them have been deliberately planted. Mammals such as rabbits, skunks, and opossums have moved in from the surrounding countryside. Raccoons have become experts at opening garbage cans, and in some places even deer wander suburban thoroughfares. Several species of squirrel ger along nicely in suburbia, but usually only one species is predominant in any given suburb – fox squirrels in one place, red squirrels in another, gray squirrels in a third – for reasons that are little understood. The diversity of birds in the suburbs is great, and in the South, lizards thrive in gardens and even houses. Of course, insects are always present. There is an odd biological sameness in these suburban communities. True, the palms of Los Angeles are missing from the suburbs of Boston, and there are species of insects in Miami not found in Seattle. But over wide stretches of rhe United Stares, ecological conditions in suburban biomes vary much less than do those of natural biomes. And unlike the natural biomes, the urban and suburban communities exist in spite of, not because of, the climate.
23. If there was a preceding paragraph to this passage it would most likely be concerned with which of the following topics?
QUESTIONS 23 – 30
The biological community changes again as one moves from the city to the suburbs. Around all cities is a biome called the “suburban forest.” The trees of this forest are species that are favored by man, and most of them have been deliberately planted. Mammals such as rabbits, skunks, and opossums have moved in from the surrounding countryside. Raccoons have become experts at opening garbage cans, and in some places even deer wander suburban thoroughfares. Several species of squirrel ger along nicely in suburbia, but usually only one species is predominant in any given suburb – fox squirrels in one place, red squirrels in another, gray squirrels in a third – for reasons that are little understood. The diversity of birds in the suburbs is great, and in the South, lizards thrive in gardens and even houses. Of course, insects are always present. There is an odd biological sameness in these suburban communities. True, the palms of Los Angeles are missing from the suburbs of Boston, and there are species of insects in Miami not found in Seattle. But over wide stretches of rhe United Stares, ecological conditions in suburban biomes vary much less than do those of natural biomes. And unlike the natural biomes, the urban and suburban communities exist in spite of, not because of, the climate.
24. The author implies that the mammals of the “suburban forest” differ from most species of trees there in which of the following ways?
QUESTIONS 23 – 30
The biological community changes again as one moves from the city to the suburbs. Around all cities is a biome called the “suburban forest.” The trees of this forest are species that are favored by man, and most of them have been deliberately planted. Mammals such as rabbits, skunks, and opossums have moved in from the surrounding countryside. Raccoons have become experts at opening garbage cans, and in some places even deer wander suburban thoroughfares. Several species of squirrel ger along nicely in suburbia, but usually only one species is predominant in any given suburb – fox squirrels in one place, red squirrels in another, gray squirrels in a third – for reasons that are little understood. The diversity of birds in the suburbs is great, and in the South, lizards thrive in gardens and even houses. Of course, insects are always present. There is an odd biological sameness in these suburban communities. True, the palms of Los Angeles are missing from the suburbs of Boston, and there are species of insects in Miami not found in Seattle. But over wide stretches of rhe United Stares, ecological conditions in suburban biomes vary much less than do those of natural biomes. And unlike the natural biomes, the urban and suburban communities exist in spite of, not because of, the climate.
25. The word thoroughfares in line 7 is closest in meaning to
QUESTIONS 23 – 30
The biological community changes again as one moves from the city to the suburbs. Around all cities is a biome called the “suburban forest.” The trees of this forest are species that are favored by man, and most of them have been deliberately planted. Mammals such as rabbits, skunks, and opossums have moved in from the surrounding countryside. Raccoons have become experts at opening garbage cans, and in some places even deer wander suburban thoroughfares. Several species of squirrel ger along nicely in suburbia, but usually only one species is predominant in any given suburb – fox squirrels in one place, red squirrels in another, gray squirrels in a third – for reasons that are little understood. The diversity of birds in the suburbs is great, and in the South, lizards thrive in gardens and even houses. Of course, insects are always present. There is an odd biological sameness in these suburban communities. True, the palms of Los Angeles are missing from the suburbs of Boston, and there are species of insects in Miami not found in Seattle. But over wide stretches of rhe United Stares, ecological conditions in suburban biomes vary much less than do those of natural biomes. And unlike the natural biomes, the urban and suburban communities exist in spite of, not because of, the climate.
26. Which of the following conclusions about squirrels is supported by in formation in the passage?
QUESTIONS 23 – 30
The biological community changes again as one moves from the city to the suburbs. Around all cities is a biome called the “suburban forest.” The trees of this forest are species that are favored by man, and most of them have been deliberately planted. Mammals such as rabbits, skunks, and opossums have moved in from the surrounding countryside. Raccoons have become experts at opening garbage cans, and in some places even deer wander suburban thoroughfares. Several species of squirrel ger along nicely in suburbia, but usually only one species is predominant in any given suburb – fox squirrels in one place, red squirrels in another, gray squirrels in a third – for reasons that are little understood. The diversity of birds in the suburbs is great, and in the South, lizards thrive in gardens and even houses. Of course, insects are always present. There is an odd biological sameness in these suburban communities. True, the palms of Los Angeles are missing from the suburbs of Boston, and there are species of insects in Miami not found in Seattle. But over wide stretches of rhe United Stares, ecological conditions in suburban biomes vary much less than do those of natural biomes. And unlike the natural biomes, the urban and suburban communities exist in spite of, not because of, the climate.
27. The word thrive in line 11 is closest in meaning to
QUESTIONS 23 – 30
The biological community changes again as one moves from the city to the suburbs. Around all cities is a biome called the “suburban forest.” The trees of this forest are species that are favored by man, and most of them have been deliberately planted. Mammals such as rabbits, skunks, and opossums have moved in from the surrounding countryside. Raccoons have become experts at opening garbage cans, and in some places even deer wander suburban thoroughfares. Several species of squirrel ger along nicely in suburbia, but usually only one species is predominant in any given suburb – fox squirrels in one place, red squirrels in another, gray squirrels in a third – for reasons that are little understood. The diversity of birds in the suburbs is great, and in the South, lizards thrive in gardens and even houses. Of course, insects are always present. There is an odd biological sameness in these suburban communities. True, the palms of Los Angeles are missing from the suburbs of Boston, and there are species of insects in Miami not found in Seattle. But over wide stretches of rhe United Stares, ecological conditions in suburban biomes vary much less than do those of natural biomes. And unlike the natural biomes, the urban and suburban communities exist in spite of, not because of, the climate.
28. The word odd in line 13 is closest in meaning to
QUESTIONS 23 – 30
The biological community changes again as one moves from the city to the suburbs. Around all cities is a biome called the “suburban forest.” The trees of this forest are species that are favored by man, and most of them have been deliberately planted. Mammals such as rabbits, skunks, and opossums have moved in from the surrounding countryside. Raccoons have become experts at opening garbage cans, and in some places even deer wander suburban thoroughfares. Several species of squirrel ger along nicely in suburbia, but usually only one species is predominant in any given suburb – fox squirrels in one place, red squirrels in another, gray squirrels in a third – for reasons that are little understood. The diversity of birds in the suburbs is great, and in the South, lizards thrive in gardens and even houses. Of course, insects are always present. There is an odd biological sameness in these suburban communities. True, the palms of Los Angeles are missing from the suburbs of Boston, and there are species of insects in Miami not found in Seattle. But over wide stretches of rhe United Stares, ecological conditions in suburban biomes vary much less than do those of natural biomes. And unlike the natural biomes, the urban and suburban communities exist in spite of, not because of, the climate.
29. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the second paragraph of the passage?
QUESTIONS 23 – 30
The biological community changes again as one moves from the city to the suburbs. Around all cities is a biome called the “suburban forest.” The trees of this forest are species that are favored by man, and most of them have been deliberately planted. Mammals such as rabbits, skunks, and opossums have moved in from the surrounding countryside. Raccoons have become experts at opening garbage cans, and in some places even deer wander suburban thoroughfares. Several species of squirrel ger along nicely in suburbia, but usually only one species is predominant in any given suburb – fox squirrels in one place, red squirrels in another, gray squirrels in a third – for reasons that are little understood. The diversity of birds in the suburbs is great, and in the South, lizards thrive in gardens and even houses. Of course, insects are always present. There is an odd biological sameness in these suburban communities. True, the palms of Los Angeles are missing from the suburbs of Boston, and there are species of insects in Miami not found in Seattle. But over wide stretches of rhe United Stares, ecological conditions in suburban biomes vary much less than do those of natural biomes. And unlike the natural biomes, the urban and suburban communities exist in spite of, not because of, the climate.
30. What does the author imply about the effect of climate on the suburban biome?
QUESTION 31 – 39
Deep within the Earth there seethes a vast cauldron called Hot Dry Rock, or HDR, that observers believe could make the United States and other nations practically energy independent. HDR is a virtually limitless source of energy that generates neither pollution nor dangerous wastes. The concept, now being tested at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, is quite simple, at least in theory. Two adjacent wells are punched several miles into the Earth to reach this subterranean furnace. Water is pumped down one well to collect inside the Hot Dry Rock, creating a pressurized reservoir of superheated liquid. This is then drawn through the other well to the surface, and there the waters accumulated load of heat energy is transferred to a volatile liquid that, in turn, drives an electric power-producing turbine. David Duchane, HDR program manager at Los Alamos, believes that an economically competitive, I -megawatt plant of this type will be built and running in around two decades. A small prototype station will be built in half that time. But Duchane dreams an even grander dream. ‘We could build an HDR plant near the seacoast,” he says. “Could you imagine pumping seawater down to where it heats up well above its boiling point? Then you bring it to the surface to make electrical energy, and you turn some into vapor to get as much pure water as you need.”
31. What is the main idea of the passage?
QUESTION 31 – 39
Deep within the Earth there seethes a vast cauldron called Hot Dry Rock, or HDR, that observers believe could make the United States and other nations practically energy independent. HDR is a virtually limitless source of energy that generates neither pollution nor dangerous wastes. The concept, now being tested at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, is quite simple, at least in theory. Two adjacent wells are punched several miles into the Earth to reach this subterranean furnace. Water is pumped down one well to collect inside the Hot Dry Rock, creating a pressurized reservoir of superheated liquid. This is then drawn through the other well to the surface, and there the waters accumulated load of heat energy is transferred to a volatile liquid that, in turn, drives an electric power-producing turbine. David Duchane, HDR program manager at Los Alamos, believes that an economically competitive, I -megawatt plant of this type will be built and running in around two decades. A small prototype station will be built in half that time. But Duchane dreams an even grander dream. ‘We could build an HDR plant near the seacoast,” he says. “Could you imagine pumping seawater down to where it heats up well above its boiling point? Then you bring it to the surface to make electrical energy, and you turn some into vapor to get as much pure water as you need.”
32. Which of the following terms is NOT used in the passage to refer to Hot Dry Rock?
QUESTION 31 – 39
Deep within the Earth there seethes a vast cauldron called Hot Dry Rock, or HDR, that observers believe could make the United States and other nations practically energy independent. HDR is a virtually limitless source of energy that generates neither pollution nor dangerous wastes. The concept, now being tested at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, is quite simple, at least in theory. Two adjacent wells are punched several miles into the Earth to reach this subterranean furnace. Water is pumped down one well to collect inside the Hot Dry Rock, creating a pressurized reservoir of superheated liquid. This is then drawn through the other well to the surface, and there the waters accumulated load of heat energy is transferred to a volatile liquid that, in turn, drives an electric power-producing turbine. David Duchane, HDR program manager at Los Alamos, believes that an economically competitive, I -megawatt plant of this type will be built and running in around two decades. A small prototype station will be built in half that time. But Duchane dreams an even grander dream. ‘We could build an HDR plant near the seacoast,” he says. “Could you imagine pumping seawater down to where it heats up well above its boiling point? Then you bring it to the surface to make electrical energy, and you turn some into vapor to get as much pure water as you need.”
33. The word adjacent in line 6 is closest in meaning to
QUESTION 31 – 39
Deep within the Earth there seethes a vast cauldron called Hot Dry Rock, or HDR, that observers believe could make the United States and other nations practically energy independent. HDR is a virtually limitless source of energy that generates neither pollution nor dangerous wastes. The concept, now being tested at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, is quite simple, at least in theory. Two adjacent wells are punched several miles into the Earth to reach this subterranean furnace. Water is pumped down one well to collect inside the Hot Dry Rock, creating a pressurized reservoir of superheated liquid. This is then drawn through the other well to the surface, and there the waters accumulated load of heat energy is transferred to a volatile liquid that, in turn, drives an electric power-producing turbine. David Duchane, HDR program manager at Los Alamos, believes that an economically competitive, I -megawatt plant of this type will be built and running in around two decades. A small prototype station will be built in half that time. But Duchane dreams an even grander dream. ‘We could build an HDR plant near the seacoast,” he says. “Could you imagine pumping seawater down to where it heats up well above its boiling point? Then you bring it to the surface to make electrical energy, and you turn some into vapor to get as much pure water as you need.”
34. The second paragraph of the passage implies that the concept of utilizing Hot Dry Rock as an energy source
QUESTION 31 – 39
Deep within the Earth there seethes a vast cauldron called Hot Dry Rock, or HDR, that observers believe could make the United States and other nations practically energy independent. HDR is a virtually limitless source of energy that generates neither pollution nor dangerous wastes. The concept, now being tested at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, is quite simple, at least in theory. Two adjacent wells are punched several miles into the Earth to reach this subterranean furnace. Water is pumped down one well to collect inside the Hot Dry Rock, creating a pressurized reservoir of superheated liquid. This is then drawn through the other well to the surface, and there the waters accumulated load of heat energy is transferred to a volatile liquid that, in turn, drives an electric power-producing turbine. David Duchane, HDR program manager at Los Alamos, believes that an economically competitive, I -megawatt plant of this type will be built and running in around two decades. A small prototype station will be built in half that time. But Duchane dreams an even grander dream. ‘We could build an HDR plant near the seacoast,” he says. “Could you imagine pumping seawater down to where it heats up well above its boiling point? Then you bring it to the surface to make electrical energy, and you turn some into vapor to get as much pure water as you need.”
35. The word there in line 10 refers to
QUESTION 31 – 39
Deep within the Earth there seethes a vast cauldron called Hot Dry Rock, or HDR, that observers believe could make the United States and other nations practically energy independent. HDR is a virtually limitless source of energy that generates neither pollution nor dangerous wastes. The concept, now being tested at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, is quite simple, at least in theory. Two adjacent wells are punched several miles into the Earth to reach this subterranean furnace. Water is pumped down one well to collect inside the Hot Dry Rock, creating a pressurized reservoir of superheated liquid. This is then drawn through the other well to the surface, and there the waters accumulated load of heat energy is transferred to a volatile liquid that, in turn, drives an electric power-producing turbine. David Duchane, HDR program manager at Los Alamos, believes that an economically competitive, I -megawatt plant of this type will be built and running in around two decades. A small prototype station will be built in half that time. But Duchane dreams an even grander dream. ‘We could build an HDR plant near the seacoast,” he says. “Could you imagine pumping seawater down to where it heats up well above its boiling point? Then you bring it to the surface to make electrical energy, and you turn some into vapor to get as much pure water as you need.”
36. The power-producing turbine in the Hot Dry Rock power plant described in the second paragraph is actually driven by
QUESTION 31 – 39
Deep within the Earth there seethes a vast cauldron called Hot Dry Rock, or HDR, that observers believe could make the United States and other nations practically energy independent. HDR is a virtually limitless source of energy that generates neither pollution nor dangerous wastes. The concept, now being tested at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, is quite simple, at least in theory. Two adjacent wells are punched several miles into the Earth to reach this subterranean furnace. Water is pumped down one well to collect inside the Hot Dry Rock, creating a pressurized reservoir of superheated liquid. This is then drawn through the other well to the surface, and there the waters accumulated load of heat energy is transferred to a volatile liquid that, in turn, drives an electric power-producing turbine. David Duchane, HDR program manager at Los Alamos, believes that an economically competitive, I -megawatt plant of this type will be built and running in around two decades. A small prototype station will be built in half that time. But Duchane dreams an even grander dream. ‘We could build an HDR plant near the seacoast,” he says. “Could you imagine pumping seawater down to where it heats up well above its boiling point? Then you bring it to the surface to make electrical energy, and you turn some into vapor to get as much pure water as you need.”
37. According to David Duchane, how long will it probably take to build a small prototype Hot Dry Rock power station?
QUESTION 31 – 39
Deep within the Earth there seethes a vast cauldron called Hot Dry Rock, or HDR, that observers believe could make the United States and other nations practically energy independent. HDR is a virtually limitless source of energy that generates neither pollution nor dangerous wastes. The concept, now being tested at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, is quite simple, at least in theory. Two adjacent wells are punched several miles into the Earth to reach this subterranean furnace. Water is pumped down one well to collect inside the Hot Dry Rock, creating a pressurized reservoir of superheated liquid. This is then drawn through the other well to the surface, and there the waters accumulated load of heat energy is transferred to a volatile liquid that, in turn, drives an electric power-producing turbine. David Duchane, HDR program manager at Los Alamos, believes that an economically competitive, I -megawatt plant of this type will be built and running in around two decades. A small prototype station will be built in half that time. But Duchane dreams an even grander dream. ‘We could build an HDR plant near the seacoast,” he says. “Could you imagine pumping seawater down to where it heats up well above its boiling point? Then you bring it to the surface to make electrical energy, and you turn some into vapor to get as much pure water as you need.”
38. What is the grander dream, mentioned in line 16?
QUESTION 31 – 39
Deep within the Earth there seethes a vast cauldron called Hot Dry Rock, or HDR, that observers believe could make the United States and other nations practically energy independent. HDR is a virtually limitless source of energy that generates neither pollution nor dangerous wastes. The concept, now being tested at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, is quite simple, at least in theory. Two adjacent wells are punched several miles into the Earth to reach this subterranean furnace. Water is pumped down one well to collect inside the Hot Dry Rock, creating a pressurized reservoir of superheated liquid. This is then drawn through the other well to the surface, and there the waters accumulated load of heat energy is transferred to a volatile liquid that, in turn, drives an electric power-producing turbine. David Duchane, HDR program manager at Los Alamos, believes that an economically competitive, I -megawatt plant of this type will be built and running in around two decades. A small prototype station will be built in half that time. But Duchane dreams an even grander dream. ‘We could build an HDR plant near the seacoast,” he says. “Could you imagine pumping seawater down to where it heats up well above its boiling point? Then you bring it to the surface to make electrical energy, and you turn some into vapor to get as much pure water as you need.”
39. The word some in line 19 refers to
QUESTIONS 40 – 50
The brilliant light, crystalline air, and spectacular surroundings have long drawn people to the tiny New Mexican town of Taos. Today, the homes of some of those who have settled there during Taos’ 300-year history have been restored and are open to the public. Along with the churches and art galleries, these residences make up a part of the unique cultural heritage of Taos. Representing the Spanish Colonial era is the meticulously restored hacienda of Don Antonio Severino Martinez. He moved his family to Taos in 1804 and transformed a simple cabin into a huge, imposing fortress. Its twenty-one rooms and two courtyards now house a living museum where visitors can watch potters and weavers at work. The American territorial era is represented by two houses: the home of the explorer and scout Kir Carson, located off Taos Square, and that of Charles Bent, a trader who later became governor of the New Mexico territory. Carson’s house was built in 1843, Bent’s three years later. In the twentieth century, Taos, like its bigger sister Santa Fe to the south, blossomed into a center for artists and artisans. One of the first artists to move there was Ernest Blumenschein, who is known for his illustrations, including those for the works of Jack London and other bestselling authors. In 1898, while on a Denver-to-Mexico City sketching tour, Blumenschein’s wagon broke down near Taos. He walked into town carrying his broken wheel, looked around, and decided to stay. His rambling, twelve-room house is furnished as it was when he lived there. Not far from the Blumenschein house is the home of another artist, Russian-born painter Nicolai Fechin, who moved to Taos in the 1920s. He carved and decorated the furniture, windows, gates, and fireplaces himself, transforming the interior of his adobe house into that of a traditional country house in his homeland. A few miles north of town is the Millicent Rogers Museum, the residence of a designer and collector who came to Taos in 1947. An adobe castle, it contains a treasure trove of Native American and Hispanic jewelry, pots, rugs, and other artifacts.
40. The passage mainly discusses which aspect of Taos?
QUESTIONS 40 – 50
The brilliant light, crystalline air, and spectacular surroundings have long drawn people to the tiny New Mexican town of Taos. Today, the homes of some of those who have settled there during Taos’ 300-year history have been restored and are open to the public. Along with the churches and art galleries, these residences make up a part of the unique cultural heritage of Taos. Representing the Spanish Colonial era is the meticulously restored hacienda of Don Antonio Severino Martinez. He moved his family to Taos in 1804 and transformed a simple cabin into a huge, imposing fortress. Its twenty-one rooms and two courtyards now house a living museum where visitors can watch potters and weavers at work. The American territorial era is represented by two houses: the home of the explorer and scout Kir Carson, located off Taos Square, and that of Charles Bent, a trader who later became governor of the New Mexico territory. Carson’s house was built in 1843, Bent’s three years later. In the twentieth century, Taos, like its bigger sister Santa Fe to the south, blossomed into a center for artists and artisans. One of the first artists to move there was Ernest Blumenschein, who is known for his illustrations, including those for the works of Jack London and other bestselling authors. In 1898, while on a Denver-to-Mexico City sketching tour, Blumenschein’s wagon broke down near Taos. He walked into town carrying his broken wheel, looked around, and decided to stay. His rambling, twelve-room house is furnished as it was when he lived there. Not far from the Blumenschein house is the home of another artist, Russian-born painter Nicolai Fechin, who moved to Taos in the 1920s. He carved and decorated the furniture, windows, gates, and fireplaces himself, transforming the interior of his adobe house into that of a traditional country house in his homeland. A few miles north of town is the Millicent Rogers Museum, the residence of a designer and collector who came to Taos in 1947. An adobe castle, it contains a treasure trove of Native American and Hispanic jewelry, pots, rugs, and other artifacts.
41. The word meticulously in line 7 is closest in meaning to
QUESTIONS 40 – 50
The brilliant light, crystalline air, and spectacular surroundings have long drawn people to the tiny New Mexican town of Taos. Today, the homes of some of those who have settled there during Taos’ 300-year history have been restored and are open to the public. Along with the churches and art galleries, these residences make up a part of the unique cultural heritage of Taos. Representing the Spanish Colonial era is the meticulously restored hacienda of Don Antonio Severino Martinez. He moved his family to Taos in 1804 and transformed a simple cabin into a huge, imposing fortress. Its twenty-one rooms and two courtyards now house a living museum where visitors can watch potters and weavers at work. The American territorial era is represented by two houses: the home of the explorer and scout Kir Carson, located off Taos Square, and that of Charles Bent, a trader who later became governor of the New Mexico territory. Carson’s house was built in 1843, Bent’s three years later. In the twentieth century, Taos, like its bigger sister Santa Fe to the south, blossomed into a center for artists and artisans. One of the first artists to move there was Ernest Blumenschein, who is known for his illustrations, including those for the works of Jack London and other bestselling authors. In 1898, while on a Denver-to-Mexico City sketching tour, Blumenschein’s wagon broke down near Taos. He walked into town carrying his broken wheel, looked around, and decided to stay. His rambling, twelve-room house is furnished as it was when he lived there. Not far from the Blumenschein house is the home of another artist, Russian-born painter Nicolai Fechin, who moved to Taos in the 1920s. He carved and decorated the furniture, windows, gates, and fireplaces himself, transforming the interior of his adobe house into that of a traditional country house in his homeland. A few miles north of town is the Millicent Rogers Museum, the residence of a designer and collector who came to Taos in 1947. An adobe castle, it contains a treasure trove of Native American and Hispanic jewelry, pots, rugs, and other artifacts.
42. The word imposing in line 9 is closest in meaning to
QUESTIONS 40 – 50
The brilliant light, crystalline air, and spectacular surroundings have long drawn people to the tiny New Mexican town of Taos. Today, the homes of some of those who have settled there during Taos’ 300-year history have been restored and are open to the public. Along with the churches and art galleries, these residences make up a part of the unique cultural heritage of Taos. Representing the Spanish Colonial era is the meticulously restored hacienda of Don Antonio Severino Martinez. He moved his family to Taos in 1804 and transformed a simple cabin into a huge, imposing fortress. Its twenty-one rooms and two courtyards now house a living museum where visitors can watch potters and weavers at work. The American territorial era is represented by two houses: the home of the explorer and scout Kir Carson, located off Taos Square, and that of Charles Bent, a trader who later became governor of the New Mexico territory. Carson’s house was built in 1843, Bent’s three years later. In the twentieth century, Taos, like its bigger sister Santa Fe to the south, blossomed into a center for artists and artisans. One of the first artists to move there was Ernest Blumenschein, who is known for his illustrations, including those for the works of Jack London and other bestselling authors. In 1898, while on a Denver-to-Mexico City sketching tour, Blumenschein’s wagon broke down near Taos. He walked into town carrying his broken wheel, looked around, and decided to stay. His rambling, twelve-room house is furnished as it was when he lived there. Not far from the Blumenschein house is the home of another artist, Russian-born painter Nicolai Fechin, who moved to Taos in the 1920s. He carved and decorated the furniture, windows, gates, and fireplaces himself, transforming the interior of his adobe house into that of a traditional country house in his homeland. A few miles north of town is the Millicent Rogers Museum, the residence of a designer and collector who came to Taos in 1947. An adobe castle, it contains a treasure trove of Native American and Hispanic jewelry, pots, rugs, and other artifacts.
43. According to the passage, the home of Don Antonio Severino Martinez is now
QUESTIONS 40 – 50
The brilliant light, crystalline air, and spectacular surroundings have long drawn people to the tiny New Mexican town of Taos. Today, the homes of some of those who have settled there during Taos’ 300-year history have been restored and are open to the public. Along with the churches and art galleries, these residences make up a part of the unique cultural heritage of Taos. Representing the Spanish Colonial era is the meticulously restored hacienda of Don Antonio Severino Martinez. He moved his family to Taos in 1804 and transformed a simple cabin into a huge, imposing fortress. Its twenty-one rooms and two courtyards now house a living museum where visitors can watch potters and weavers at work. The American territorial era is represented by two houses: the home of the explorer and scout Kir Carson, located off Taos Square, and that of Charles Bent, a trader who later became governor of the New Mexico territory. Carson’s house was built in 1843, Bent’s three years later. In the twentieth century, Taos, like its bigger sister Santa Fe to the south, blossomed into a center for artists and artisans. One of the first artists to move there was Ernest Blumenschein, who is known for his illustrations, including those for the works of Jack London and other bestselling authors. In 1898, while on a Denver-to-Mexico City sketching tour, Blumenschein’s wagon broke down near Taos. He walked into town carrying his broken wheel, looked around, and decided to stay. His rambling, twelve-room house is furnished as it was when he lived there. Not far from the Blumenschein house is the home of another artist, Russian-born painter Nicolai Fechin, who moved to Taos in the 1920s. He carved and decorated the furniture, windows, gates, and fireplaces himself, transforming the interior of his adobe house into that of a traditional country house in his homeland. A few miles north of town is the Millicent Rogers Museum, the residence of a designer and collector who came to Taos in 1947. An adobe castle, it contains a treasure trove of Native American and Hispanic jewelry, pots, rugs, and other artifacts.
44. According to the passage, what were Charles Bent’s two occupations?
QUESTIONS 40 – 50
The brilliant light, crystalline air, and spectacular surroundings have long drawn people to the tiny New Mexican town of Taos. Today, the homes of some of those who have settled there during Taos’ 300-year history have been restored and are open to the public. Along with the churches and art galleries, these residences make up a part of the unique cultural heritage of Taos. Representing the Spanish Colonial era is the meticulously restored hacienda of Don Antonio Severino Martinez. He moved his family to Taos in 1804 and transformed a simple cabin into a huge, imposing fortress. Its twenty-one rooms and two courtyards now house a living museum where visitors can watch potters and weavers at work. The American territorial era is represented by two houses: the home of the explorer and scout Kir Carson, located off Taos Square, and that of Charles Bent, a trader who later became governor of the New Mexico territory. Carson’s house was built in 1843, Bent’s three years later. In the twentieth century, Taos, like its bigger sister Santa Fe to the south, blossomed into a center for artists and artisans. One of the first artists to move there was Ernest Blumenschein, who is known for his illustrations, including those for the works of Jack London and other bestselling authors. In 1898, while on a Denver-to-Mexico City sketching tour, Blumenschein’s wagon broke down near Taos. He walked into town carrying his broken wheel, looked around, and decided to stay. His rambling, twelve-room house is furnished as it was when he lived there. Not far from the Blumenschein house is the home of another artist, Russian-born painter Nicolai Fechin, who moved to Taos in the 1920s. He carved and decorated the furniture, windows, gates, and fireplaces himself, transforming the interior of his adobe house into that of a traditional country house in his homeland. A few miles north of town is the Millicent Rogers Museum, the residence of a designer and collector who came to Taos in 1947. An adobe castle, it contains a treasure trove of Native American and Hispanic jewelry, pots, rugs, and other artifacts.
45. Charles Bent’s house was probably built in
QUESTIONS 40 – 50
The brilliant light, crystalline air, and spectacular surroundings have long drawn people to the tiny New Mexican town of Taos. Today, the homes of some of those who have settled there during Taos’ 300-year history have been restored and are open to the public. Along with the churches and art galleries, these residences make up a part of the unique cultural heritage of Taos. Representing the Spanish Colonial era is the meticulously restored hacienda of Don Antonio Severino Martinez. He moved his family to Taos in 1804 and transformed a simple cabin into a huge, imposing fortress. Its twenty-one rooms and two courtyards now house a living museum where visitors can watch potters and weavers at work. The American territorial era is represented by two houses: the home of the explorer and scout Kir Carson, located off Taos Square, and that of Charles Bent, a trader who later became governor of the New Mexico territory. Carson’s house was built in 1843, Bent’s three years later. In the twentieth century, Taos, like its bigger sister Santa Fe to the south, blossomed into a center for artists and artisans. One of the first artists to move there was Ernest Blumenschein, who is known for his illustrations, including those for the works of Jack London and other bestselling authors. In 1898, while on a Denver-to-Mexico City sketching tour, Blumenschein’s wagon broke down near Taos. He walked into town carrying his broken wheel, looked around, and decided to stay. His rambling, twelve-room house is furnished as it was when he lived there. Not far from the Blumenschein house is the home of another artist, Russian-born painter Nicolai Fechin, who moved to Taos in the 1920s. He carved and decorated the furniture, windows, gates, and fireplaces himself, transforming the interior of his adobe house into that of a traditional country house in his homeland. A few miles north of town is the Millicent Rogers Museum, the residence of a designer and collector who came to Taos in 1947. An adobe castle, it contains a treasure trove of Native American and Hispanic jewelry, pots, rugs, and other artifacts.
46. The town of Santa Fe is probably referred to as Taos’s “bigger sister” (line 16) because it
QUESTIONS 40 – 50
The brilliant light, crystalline air, and spectacular surroundings have long drawn people to the tiny New Mexican town of Taos. Today, the homes of some of those who have settled there during Taos’ 300-year history have been restored and are open to the public. Along with the churches and art galleries, these residences make up a part of the unique cultural heritage of Taos. Representing the Spanish Colonial era is the meticulously restored hacienda of Don Antonio Severino Martinez. He moved his family to Taos in 1804 and transformed a simple cabin into a huge, imposing fortress. Its twenty-one rooms and two courtyards now house a living museum where visitors can watch potters and weavers at work. The American territorial era is represented by two houses: the home of the explorer and scout Kir Carson, located off Taos Square, and that of Charles Bent, a trader who later became governor of the New Mexico territory. Carson’s house was built in 1843, Bent’s three years later. In the twentieth century, Taos, like its bigger sister Santa Fe to the south, blossomed into a center for artists and artisans. One of the first artists to move there was Ernest Blumenschein, who is known for his illustrations, including those for the works of Jack London and other bestselling authors. In 1898, while on a Denver-to-Mexico City sketching tour, Blumenschein’s wagon broke down near Taos. He walked into town carrying his broken wheel, looked around, and decided to stay. His rambling, twelve-room house is furnished as it was when he lived there. Not far from the Blumenschein house is the home of another artist, Russian-born painter Nicolai Fechin, who moved to Taos in the 1920s. He carved and decorated the furniture, windows, gates, and fireplaces himself, transforming the interior of his adobe house into that of a traditional country house in his homeland. A few miles north of town is the Millicent Rogers Museum, the residence of a designer and collector who came to Taos in 1947. An adobe castle, it contains a treasure trove of Native American and Hispanic jewelry, pots, rugs, and other artifacts.
47. The word works in line 19 is used in the context of this passage to mean
QUESTIONS 40 – 50
The brilliant light, crystalline air, and spectacular surroundings have long drawn people to the tiny New Mexican town of Taos. Today, the homes of some of those who have settled there during Taos’ 300-year history have been restored and are open to the public. Along with the churches and art galleries, these residences make up a part of the unique cultural heritage of Taos. Representing the Spanish Colonial era is the meticulously restored hacienda of Don Antonio Severino Martinez. He moved his family to Taos in 1804 and transformed a simple cabin into a huge, imposing fortress. Its twenty-one rooms and two courtyards now house a living museum where visitors can watch potters and weavers at work. The American territorial era is represented by two houses: the home of the explorer and scout Kir Carson, located off Taos Square, and that of Charles Bent, a trader who later became governor of the New Mexico territory. Carson’s house was built in 1843, Bent’s three years later. In the twentieth century, Taos, like its bigger sister Santa Fe to the south, blossomed into a center for artists and artisans. One of the first artists to move there was Ernest Blumenschein, who is known for his illustrations, including those for the works of Jack London and other bestselling authors. In 1898, while on a Denver-to-Mexico City sketching tour, Blumenschein’s wagon broke down near Taos. He walked into town carrying his broken wheel, looked around, and decided to stay. His rambling, twelve-room house is furnished as it was when he lived there. Not far from the Blumenschein house is the home of another artist, Russian-born painter Nicolai Fechin, who moved to Taos in the 1920s. He carved and decorated the furniture, windows, gates, and fireplaces himself, transforming the interior of his adobe house into that of a traditional country house in his homeland. A few miles north of town is the Millicent Rogers Museum, the residence of a designer and collector who came to Taos in 1947. An adobe castle, it contains a treasure trove of Native American and Hispanic jewelry, pots, rugs, and other artifacts.
48. According to the passage, what was Ernest Blumenschein’s original destination when he went on a sketching tour in 1898?
QUESTIONS 40 – 50
The brilliant light, crystalline air, and spectacular surroundings have long drawn people to the tiny New Mexican town of Taos. Today, the homes of some of those who have settled there during Taos’ 300-year history have been restored and are open to the public. Along with the churches and art galleries, these residences make up a part of the unique cultural heritage of Taos. Representing the Spanish Colonial era is the meticulously restored hacienda of Don Antonio Severino Martinez. He moved his family to Taos in 1804 and transformed a simple cabin into a huge, imposing fortress. Its twenty-one rooms and two courtyards now house a living museum where visitors can watch potters and weavers at work. The American territorial era is represented by two houses: the home of the explorer and scout Kir Carson, located off Taos Square, and that of Charles Bent, a trader who later became governor of the New Mexico territory. Carson’s house was built in 1843, Bent’s three years later. In the twentieth century, Taos, like its bigger sister Santa Fe to the south, blossomed into a center for artists and artisans. One of the first artists to move there was Ernest Blumenschein, who is known for his illustrations, including those for the works of Jack London and other bestselling authors. In 1898, while on a Denver-to-Mexico City sketching tour, Blumenschein’s wagon broke down near Taos. He walked into town carrying his broken wheel, looked around, and decided to stay. His rambling, twelve-room house is furnished as it was when he lived there. Not far from the Blumenschein house is the home of another artist, Russian-born painter Nicolai Fechin, who moved to Taos in the 1920s. He carved and decorated the furniture, windows, gates, and fireplaces himself, transforming the interior of his adobe house into that of a traditional country house in his homeland. A few miles north of town is the Millicent Rogers Museum, the residence of a designer and collector who came to Taos in 1947. An adobe castle, it contains a treasure trove of Native American and Hispanic jewelry, pots, rugs, and other artifacts.
49. The author implies that the interior of Nicolai Fechin house is decorated in what style?
QUESTIONS 40 – 50
The brilliant light, crystalline air, and spectacular surroundings have long drawn people to the tiny New Mexican town of Taos. Today, the homes of some of those who have settled there during Taos’ 300-year history have been restored and are open to the public. Along with the churches and art galleries, these residences make up a part of the unique cultural heritage of Taos. Representing the Spanish Colonial era is the meticulously restored hacienda of Don Antonio Severino Martinez. He moved his family to Taos in 1804 and transformed a simple cabin into a huge, imposing fortress. Its twenty-one rooms and two courtyards now house a living museum where visitors can watch potters and weavers at work. The American territorial era is represented by two houses: the home of the explorer and scout Kir Carson, located off Taos Square, and that of Charles Bent, a trader who later became governor of the New Mexico territory. Carson’s house was built in 1843, Bent’s three years later. In the twentieth century, Taos, like its bigger sister Santa Fe to the south, blossomed into a center for artists and artisans. One of the first artists to move there was Ernest Blumenschein, who is known for his illustrations, including those for the works of Jack London and other bestselling authors. In 1898, while on a Denver-to-Mexico City sketching tour, Blumenschein’s wagon broke down near Taos. He walked into town carrying his broken wheel, looked around, and decided to stay. His rambling, twelve-room house is furnished as it was when he lived there. Not far from the Blumenschein house is the home of another artist, Russian-born painter Nicolai Fechin, who moved to Taos in the 1920s. He carved and decorated the furniture, windows, gates, and fireplaces himself, transforming the interior of his adobe house into that of a traditional country house in his homeland. A few miles north of town is the Millicent Rogers Museum, the residence of a designer and collector who came to Taos in 1947. An adobe castle, it contains a treasure trove of Native American and Hispanic jewelry, pots, rugs, and other artifacts.
50. Which of the following people is NOT mentioned as a resident of Taos?