EFL-PT Simulation – Reading Comprehension

QUESTIONS 1 – IO Just as optical fibers have transformed communication, they are also revolutionizing medicine. These ultra-thin, flexible fibers have opened a window into the living tissues of the body. By inserting optical fibers through natural openings or small incisions and threading them along the body’s established 5 pathways, physicians can look into the lungs, intestines, heart, and other areas that were formerly inaccessible to them. The basic fiber-optics system is called a fiberscope, which consists of two bundles of fibers. One, the illuminating bundle, carries light to the tissues. It is coupled to a high-intensity light source. Light enters the cores 10 of the high-purity silicon glass and travels along the fibers. A lens at the end of the bundle collects the light and focuses it into the other bundle, the imaging bundle. Each fiber in the bundle transmits only a tiny fraction of the total image. The reconstructed image can be viewed through an eyepiece or displayed on a television screen. During the last five years, improved methods of fabricating optical fibers have led to a reduction infiberscope diameter and an increase in the number of fibers, which in turn has increased resolution.Optical fibers can also be used to deliver laser light. By use of laser
beams, physicians can perform surgery inside the body, sometimes eliminating the need for invasive procedures in which healthy tissue must becut through to reach the site of disease. Many of these procedures do not require anesthesia and can be performed in a physician’s office. These techniques have reduced the risk and the cost of medical care. 1 What is the main subject of the passage?

QUESTIONS 1 – IO Just as optical fibers have transformed communication, they are also revolutionizing medicine. These ultra-thin, flexible fibers have opened a window into the living tissues of the body. By inserting optical fibers through natural openings or small incisions and threading them along the body’s established 5 pathways, physicians can look into the lungs, intestines, heart, and other areas that were formerly inaccessible to them. The basic fiber-optics system is called a fiberscope, which consists of two bundles of fibers. One, the illuminating bundle, carries light to the tissues. It is coupled to a high-intensity light source. Light enters the cores 10 of the high-purity silicon glass and travels along the fibers. A lens at the end of the bundle collects the light and focuses it into the other bundle, the imaging bundle. Each fiber in the bundle transmits only a tiny fraction of the total image. The reconstructed image can be viewed through an eyepiece or displayed on a television screen. During the last five years, improved methods of fabricating optical fibers have led to a reduction infiberscope diameter and an increase in the number of fibers, which in turn has increased resolution.Optical fibers can also be used to deliver laser light. By use of laser
beams, physicians can perform surgery inside the body, sometimes eliminating the need for invasive procedures in which healthy tissue must becut through to reach the site of disease. Many of these procedures do not require anesthesia and can be performed in a physician’s office. These techniques have reduced the risk and the cost of medical care. 2 In line 2, the author uses the expression have opened a window to indicate that the use of optical fibers

QUESTIONS 1 – IO Just as optical fibers have transformed communication, they are also revolutionizing medicine. These ultra-thin, flexible fibers have opened a window into the living tissues of the body. By inserting optical fibers through natural openings or small incisions and threading them along the body’s established 5 pathways, physicians can look into the lungs, intestines, heart, and other areas that were formerly inaccessible to them. The basic fiber-optics system is called a fiberscope, which consists of two bundles of fibers. One, the illuminating bundle, carries light to the tissues. It is coupled to a high-intensity light source. Light enters the cores 10 of the high-purity silicon glass and travels along the fibers. A lens at the end of the bundle collects the light and focuses it into the other bundle, the imaging bundle. Each fiber in the bundle transmits only a tiny fraction of the total image. The reconstructed image can be viewed through an eyepiece or displayed on a television screen. During the last five years, improved methods of fabricating optical fibers have led to a reduction infiberscope diameter and an increase in the number of fibers, which in turn has increased resolution.Optical fibers can also be used to deliver laser light. By use of laser beams, physicians can perform surgery inside the body, sometimes eliminating the need for invasive procedures in which healthy tissue must becut through to reach the site of disease. Many of these procedures do not require anesthesia and can be performed in a physician’s office. These techniques have reduced the risk and the cost of medical care. 3 Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word formerly in line 6?

QUESTIONS 1 – IO Just as optical fibers have transformed communication, they are also revolutionizing medicine. These ultra-thin, flexible fibers have opened a window into the living tissues of the body. By inserting optical fibers through natural openings or small incisions and threading them along the body’s established 5 pathways, physicians can look into the lungs, intestines, heart, and other areas that were formerly inaccessible to them. The basic fiber-optics system is called a fiberscope, which consists of two bundles of fibers. One, the illuminating bundle, carries light to the tissues. It is coupled to a high-intensity light source. Light enters the cores 10 of the high-purity silicon glass and travels along the fibers. A lens at the end of the bundle collects the light and focuses it into the other bundle, the imaging bundle. Each fiber in the bundle transmits only a tiny fraction of the total image. The reconstructed image can be viewed through an eyepiece or displayed on a television screen. During the last five years, improved methods of fabricating optical fibers have led to a reduction infiberscope diameter and an increase in the number of fibers, which in turn has increased resolution.Optical fibers can also be used to deliver laser light. By use of laser beams, physicians can perform surgery inside the body, sometimes eliminating the need for invasive procedures in which healthy tissue must becut through to reach the site of disease. Many of these procedures do not require anesthesia and can be performed in a physician’s office. These techniques have reduced the risk and the cost of medical care. 4 The word them in line 6 refers to

QUESTIONS 1 – IO Just as optical fibers have transformed communication, they are also revolutionizing medicine. These ultra-thin, flexible fibers have opened a window into the living tissues of the body. By inserting optical fibers through natural openings or small incisions and threading them along the body’s established 5 pathways, physicians can look into the lungs, intestines, heart, and other areas that were formerly inaccessible to them. The basic fiber-optics system is called a fiberscope, which consists of two bundles of fibers. One, the illuminating bundle, carries light to the tissues. It is coupled to a high-intensity light source. Light enters the cores 10 of the high-purity silicon glass and travels along the fibers. A lens at the end of the bundle collects the light and focuses it into the other bundle, the imaging bundle. Each fiber in the bundle transmits only a tiny fraction of the total image. The reconstructed image can be viewed through an eyepiece or displayed on a television screen. During the last five years, improved methods of fabricating optical fibers have led to a reduction infiberscope diameter and an increase in the number of fibers, which in turn has increased resolution.Optical fibers can also be used to deliver laser light. By use of laser beams, physicians can perform surgery inside the body, sometimes eliminating the need for invasive procedures in which healthy tissue must becut through to reach the site of disease. Many of these procedures do not require anesthesia and can be performed in a physician’s office. These techniques have reduced the risk and the cost of medical care. 5 According to the passage, what is the purpose of the illuminating bundle in a fiberscope?
the purpose of the illuminating bun-
dle in a fiberscope?

QUESTIONS 1 – IO Just as optical fibers have transformed communication, they are also revolutionizing medicine. These ultra-thin, flexible fibers have opened a window into the living tissues of the body. By inserting optical fibers through natural openings or small incisions and threading them along the body’s established 5 pathways, physicians can look into the lungs, intestines, heart, and other areas that were formerly inaccessible to them. The basic fiber-optics system is called a fiberscope, which consists of two bundles of fibers. One, the illuminating bundle, carries light to the tissues. It is coupled to a high-intensity light source. Light enters the cores 10 of the high-purity silicon glass and travels along the fibers. A lens at the end of the bundle collects the light and focuses it into the other bundle, the imaging bundle. Each fiber in the bundle transmits only a tiny fraction of the total image. The reconstructed image can be viewed through an eyepiece or displayed on a television screen. During the last five years, improved methods of fabricating optical fibers have led to a reduction infiberscope diameter and an increase in the number of fibers, which in turn has increased resolution.Optical fibers can also be used to deliver laser light. By use of laser beams, physicians can perform surgery inside the body, sometimes eliminating the need for invasive procedures in which healthy tissue must becut through to reach the site of disease. Many of these procedures do not require anesthesia and can be performed in a physician’s office. These techniques have reduced the risk and the cost of medical care. 6 Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word cores in line 9?

QUESTIONS 1 – IO Just as optical fibers have transformed communication, they are also revolutionizing medicine. These ultra-thin, flexible fibers have opened a window into the living tissues of the body. By inserting optical fibers through natural openings or small incisions and threading them along the body’s established 5 pathways, physicians can look into the lungs, intestines, heart, and other areas that were formerly inaccessible to them. The basic fiber-optics system is called a fiberscope, which consists of two bundles of fibers. One, the illuminating bundle, carries light to the tissues. It is coupled to a high-intensity light source. Light enters the cores 10 of the high-purity silicon glass and travels along the fibers. A lens at the end of the bundle collects the light and focuses it into the other bundle, the imaging bundle. Each fiber in the bundle transmits only a tiny fraction of the total image. The reconstructed image can be viewed through an eyepiece or displayed on a television screen. During the last five years, improved methods of fabricating optical fibers have led to a reduction infiberscope diameter and an increase in the number of fibers, which in turn has increased resolution.Optical fibers can also be used to deliver laser light. By use of laser beams, physicians can perform surgery inside the body, sometimes eliminating the need for invasive procedures in which healthy tissue must becut through to reach the site of disease. Many of these procedures do not require anesthesia and can be performed in a physician’s office. These techniques have reduced the risk and the cost of medical care. 7 According to the passage, how do the fiberscopes used today differ from those used five years ago?

QUESTIONS 1 – IO Just as optical fibers have transformed communication, they are also revolutionizing medicine. These ultra-thin, flexible fibers have opened a window into the living tissues of the body. By inserting optical fibers through natural openings or small incisions and threading them along the body’s established 5 pathways, physicians can look into the lungs, intestines, heart, and other areas that were formerly inaccessible to them. The basic fiber-optics system is called a fiberscope, which consists of two bundles of fibers. One, the illuminating bundle, carries light to the tissues. It is coupled to a high-intensity light source. Light enters the cores 10 of the high-purity silicon glass and travels along the fibers. A lens at the end of the bundle collects the light and focuses it into the other bundle, the imaging bundle. Each fiber in the bundle transmits only a tiny fraction of the total image. The reconstructed image can be viewed through an eyepiece or displayed on a television screen. During the last five years, improved methods of fabricating optical fibers have led to a reduction infiberscope diameter and an increase in the number of fibers, which in turn has increased resolution.Optical fibers can also be used to deliver laser light. By use of laser beams, physicians can perform surgery inside the body, sometimes eliminating the need for invasive procedures in which healthy tissue must becut through to reach the site of disease. Many of these procedures do not require anesthesia and can be performed in a physician’s office. These techniques have reduced the risk and the cost of medical care. 8 The word resolution in line 17 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

QUESTIONS 1 – IO Just as optical fibers have transformed communication, they are also revolutionizing medicine. These ultra-thin, flexible fibers have opened a window into the living tissues of the body. By inserting optical fibers through natural openings or small incisions and threading them along the body’s established 5 pathways, physicians can look into the lungs, intestines, heart, and other areas that were formerly inaccessible to them. The basic fiber-optics system is called a fiberscope, which consists of two bundles of fibers. One, the illuminating bundle, carries light to the tissues. It is coupled to a high-intensity light source. Light enters the cores 10 of the high-purity silicon glass and travels along the fibers. A lens at the end of the bundle collects the light and focuses it into the other bundle, the imaging bundle. Each fiber in the bundle transmits only a tiny fraction of the total image. The reconstructed image can be viewed through an eyepiece or displayed on a television screen. During the last five years, improved methods of fabricating optical fibers have led to a reduction infiberscope diameter and an increase in the number of fibers, which in turn has increased resolution.Optical fibers can also be used to deliver laser light. By use of laser beams, physicians can perform surgery inside the body, sometimes eliminating the need for invasive procedures in which healthy tissue must becut through to reach the site of disease. Many of these procedures do not require anesthesia and can be performed in a physician’s office. These techniques have reduced the risk and the cost of medical care. 9 Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the author as one of the advantages of laser surgery techniques?

QUESTIONS 1 – IO Just as optical fibers have transformed communication, they are also revolutionizing medicine. These ultra-thin, flexible fibers have opened a window into the living tissues of the body. By inserting optical fibers through natural openings or small incisions and threading them along the body’s established 5 pathways, physicians can look into the lungs, intestines, heart, and other areas that were formerly inaccessible to them. The basic fiber-optics system is called a fiberscope, which consists of two bundles of fibers. One, the illuminating bundle, carries light to the tissues. It is coupled to a high-intensity light source. Light enters the cores 10 of the high-purity silicon glass and travels along the fibers. A lens at the end of the bundle collects the light and focuses it into the other bundle, the imaging bundle. Each fiber in the bundle transmits only a tiny fraction of the total image. The reconstructed image can be viewed through an eyepiece or displayed on a television screen. During the last five years, improved methods of fabricating optical fibers have led to a reduction infiberscope diameter and an increase in the number of fibers, which in turn has increased resolution.Optical fibers can also be used to deliver laser light. By use of laser beams, physicians can perform surgery inside the body, sometimes eliminating the need for invasive procedures in which healthy tissue must becut through to reach the site of disease. Many of these procedures do not require anesthesia and can be performed in a physician’s office. These techniques have reduced the risk and the cost of medical care. 10 Where in the passage does the author provide a basic description of a fiberscope?

QUESTIONS 11- 18 Alice Walker has written books of poetry and short stories, a biography, and several novels. She is probably best known for her novel The Color Purple, published in 1982. The book vividly narrates the richness and complexity of black people – especially black women – in Georgia in the 5 1920s and 1930s. Although the novel came under bitter attack by certain critics and readers, it was applauded by others and won both the American Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. It became a bestseller, selling over 4 million copies, and it was made into a successful film by noted director Steven Spielberg. The novel reveals the horror, drudgery, and joy to of black life in rural Georgia. It gets much of its special flavor from its use
of the words, rhythm, and grammar of black English and from its epistolary style. Telling a story through letters was a narrative structure commonly used by eighteenth-century novelists, but it is not often used in contemporary fiction. Unlike most epistolary novels, which have the effect of distancing the reader from the events described by the letter writer, The Color Purple uses the letter form to draw the reader into absolute intimacy with the poor, uneducated, but wonderfully observant Celie, the main character of the novel. So the reader applauds when Celie, like William Faulkner’s character Dilsey, does not simply survive, but prevails. 11 What is the passage mainly about?

QUESTIONS 11- 18 Alice Walker has written books of poetry and short stories, a biography, and several novels. She is probably best known for her novel The Color Purple, published in 1982. The book vividly narrates the richness and complexity of black people – especially black women – in Georgia in the 5 1920s and 1930s. Although the novel came under bitter attack by certain critics and readers, it was applauded by others and won both the American Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. It became a bestseller, selling over 4 million copies, and it was made into a successful film by noted director Steven Spielberg. The novel reveals the horror, drudgery, and joy to of black life in rural Georgia. It gets much of its special flavor from its use
of the words, rhythm, and grammar of black English and from its epistolary style. Telling a story through letters was a narrative structure commonly used by eighteenth-century novelists, but it is not often used in contemporary fiction. Unlike most epistolary novels, which have the effect of distancing the reader from the events described by the letter writer, The Color Purple uses the letter form to draw the reader into absolute intimacy with the poor, uneducated, but wonderfully observant Celie, the main character of the novel. So the reader applauds when Celie, like William Faulkner’s character Dilsey, does not simply survive, but prevails. 12 According to the passage, The Color Purple is a book of

QUESTIONS 11- 18 Alice Walker has written books of poetry and short stories, a biography, and several novels. She is probably best known for her novel The Color Purple, published in 1982. The book vividly narrates the richness and complexity of black people – especially black women – in Georgia in the 5 1920s and 1930s. Although the novel came under bitter attack by certain critics and readers, it was applauded by others and won both the American Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. It became a bestseller, selling over 4 million copies, and it was made into a successful film by noted director Steven Spielberg. The novel reveals the horror, drudgery, and joy to of black life in rural Georgia. It gets much of its special flavor from its use
of the words, rhythm, and grammar of black English and from its epistolary style. Telling a story through letters was a narrative structure commonly used by eighteenth-century novelists, but it is not often used in contemporary fiction. Unlike most epistolary novels, which have the effect of distancing the reader from the events described by the letter writer, The Color Purple uses the letter form to draw the reader into absolute intimacy with the poor, uneducated, but wonderfully observant Celie, the main character of the novel. So the reader applauds when Celie, like William Faulkner’s character Dilsey, does not simply survive, but prevails. 13 The word vividly in line 3 is closest in meaning to

QUESTIONS 11- 18 Alice Walker has written books of poetry and short stories, a biography, and several novels. She is probably best known for her novel The Color Purple, published in 1982. The book vividly narrates the richness and complexity of black people – especially black women – in Georgia in the 5 1920s and 1930s. Although the novel came under bitter attack by certain critics and readers, it was applauded by others and won both the American Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. It became a bestseller, selling over 4 million copies, and it was made into a successful film by noted director Steven Spielberg. The novel reveals the horror, drudgery, and joy to of black life in rural Georgia. It gets much of its special flavor from its use
of the words, rhythm, and grammar of black English and from its epistolary style. Telling a story through letters was a narrative structure commonly used by eighteenth-century novelists, but it is not often used in contemporary fiction. Unlike most epistolary novels, which have the effect of distancing the reader from the events described by the letter writer, The Color Purple uses the letter form to draw the reader into absolute intimacy with the poor, uneducated, but wonderfully observant Celie, the main character of the novel. So the reader applauds when Celie, like William Faulkner’s character Dilsey, does not simply survive, but prevails. 14 Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word drudgery in line 9?

QUESTIONS 11- 18 Alice Walker has written books of poetry and short stories, a biography, and several novels. She is probably best known for her novel The Color Purple, published in 1982. The book vividly narrates the richness and complexity of black people – especially black women – in Georgia in the 5 1920s and 1930s. Although the novel came under bitter attack by certain critics and readers, it was applauded by others and won both the American Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. It became a bestseller, selling over 4 million copies, and it was made into a successful film by noted director Steven Spielberg. The novel reveals the horror, drudgery, and joy to of black life in rural Georgia. It gets much of its special flavor from its use
of the words, rhythm, and grammar of black English and from its epistolary style. Telling a story through letters was a narrative structure commonly used by eighteenth-century novelists, but it is not often used in contemporary fiction. Unlike most epistolary novels, which have the effect of distancing the reader from the events described by the letter writer, The Color Purple uses the letter form to draw the reader into absolute intimacy with the poor, uneducated, but wonderfully observant Celie, the main character of the novel. So the reader applauds when Celie, like William Faulkner’s character Dilsey, does not simply survive, but prevails. 15 The author mentions eighteenth century novelists (line 13) because

“QUESTIONS 11- 18 Alice Walker has written books of poetry and short stories, a biography, and several novels. She is probably best known for her novel The Color Purple, published in 1982. The book vividly narrates the richness and complexity of black people – especially black women – in Georgia in the 5 1920s and 1930s. Although the novel came under bitter attack by certain critics and readers, it was applauded by others and won both the American Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. It became a bestseller, selling over 4 million copies, and it was made into a successful film by noted director Steven Spielberg. The novel reveals the horror, drudgery, and joy to of black life in rural Georgia. It gets much of its special flavor from its use
of the words, rhythm, and grammar of black English and from its epistolary style. Telling a story through letters was a narrative structure commonly used by eighteenth-century novelists, but it is not often used in contemporary fiction. Unlike most epistolary novels, which have the effect of distancing the reader from the events described by the letter writer, The Color Purple uses the letter form to draw the reader into absolute intimacy with the poor, uneducated, but wonderfully observant Celie, the main character of the novel. So the reader applauds when Celie, like William Faulkner’s character Dilsey, does not simply survive, but prevails. 16 Why does the author mention Dilsey in line 1

7?

“QUESTIONS 11- 18 Alice Walker has written books of poetry and short stories, a biography, and several novels. She is probably best known for her novel The Color Purple, published in 1982. The book vividly narrates the richness and complexity of black people – especially black women – in Georgia in the 5 1920s and 1930s. Although the novel came under bitter attack by certain critics and readers, it was applauded by others and won both the American Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. It became a bestseller, selling over 4 million copies, and it was made into a successful film by noted director Steven Spielberg. The novel reveals the horror, drudgery, and joy to of black life in rural Georgia. It gets much of its special flavor from its use
of the words, rhythm, and grammar of black English and from its epistolary style. Telling a story through letters was a narrative structure commonly used by eighteenth-century novelists, but it is not often used in contemporary fiction. Unlike most epistolary novels, which have the effect of distancing the reader from the events described by the letter writer, The Color Purple uses the letter form to draw the reader into absolute intimacy with the poor, uneducated, but wonderfully observant Celie, the main character of the novel. So the reader applauds when Celie, like William Faulkner’s character Dilsey, does not simply survive, but prevails. 17 The word prevails in line 19 is closest in meaning to

QUESTIONS 11- 18 Alice Walker has written books of poetry and short stories, a biography, and several novels. She is probably best known for her novel The Color Purple, published in 1982. The book vividly narrates the richness and complexity of black people – especially black women – in Georgia in the 5 1920s and 1930s. Although the novel came under bitter attack by certain critics and readers, it was applauded by others and won both the American Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. It became a bestseller, selling over 4 million copies, and it was made into a successful film by noted director Steven Spielberg. The novel reveals the horror, drudgery, and joy to of black life in rural Georgia. It gets much of its special flavor from its use
of the words, rhythm, and grammar of black English and from its epistolary style. Telling a story through letters was a narrative structure commonly used by eighteenth-century novelists, but it is not often used in contemporary fiction. Unlike most epistolary novels, which have the effect of distancing the reader from the events described by the letter writer, The Color Purple uses the letter form to draw the reader into absolute intimacy with the poor, uneducated, but wonderfully observant Celie, the main character of the novel. So the reader applauds when Celie, like William Faulkner’s character Dilsey, does not simply survive, but prevails. 18 The attitude of the author toward The Color Purple is best described as one of

QUESTIONS 19 – 30 Many flowering plants woo insect pollinators and gently direct them to their most fertile blossoms by changing the color of individual flowers from day to day. Through color cues, the plant signals to the insect that it would be better off visiting one flower on its bush than another. The particular hue tells the pollinator that the flower is full of far more pollen than are neighboring blooms. That nectar-rich flower also happens to be fertile and ready to disperse its pollen or to receive pollen the insect has picked up from another flower. Plants do not have to spend precious resources maintaining reservoirs of nectar in all their flowers. Thus, the color-coded communication system benefits both plant and insect. For example, on the lantana plant, a flower starts out on the first day as yellow, when it is rich with pollen and nectar. Influenced by an as-yet- unidentified environmental signal, the flower changes color by triggering
the production of the pigment anthromyacin. It turns orange on the second day and red on the third. By the third day, it has no pollen to offer insects
and is no longer fertile. On any given lantana bush, only 10 to 15 percent of the blossoms are likely to be yellow and fertile. But in tests measuring the responsiveness of butterflies, it was discovered that the insects visited the yellow flowers at least 100 times more than would be expected from haphazard visitation. Experiments with paper flowers and painted flowers demonstrated that the butterflies were responding to color cues rather than, say, the scent of the nectar. In other types of plants, blossoms change from white to red, others from yellow to red, and so on. These color changes have been observed in some 74 families of plants. 19 The first paragraph of the passage implies that insects benefit from the color-coded communication system because

QUESTIONS 19 – 30 Many flowering plants woo insect pollinators and gently direct them to their most fertile blossoms by changing the color of individual flowers from day to day. Through color cues, the plant signals to the insect that it would be better off visiting one flower on its bush than another. The particular hue tells the pollinator that the flower is full of far more pollen than are neighboring blooms. That nectar-rich flower also happens to be fertile and ready to disperse its pollen or to receive pollen the insect has picked up from another flower. Plants do not have to spend precious resources maintaining reservoirs of nectar in all their flowers. Thus, the color-coded communication system benefits both plant and insect. For example, on the lantana plant, a flower starts out on the first day as yellow, when it is rich with pollen and nectar. Influenced by an as-yet- unidentified environmental signal, the flower changes color by triggering
the production of the pigment anthromyacin. It turns orange on the second day and red on the third. By the third day, it has no pollen to offer insects
and is no longer fertile. On any given lantana bush, only 10 to 15 percent of the blossoms are likely to be yellow and fertile. But in tests measuring the responsiveness of butterflies, it was discovered that the insects visited the yellow flowers at least 100 times more than would be expected from haphazard visitation. Experiments with paper flowers and painted flowers demonstrated that the butterflies were responding to color cues rather than, say, the scent of the nectar. In other types of plants, blossoms change from white to red, others from yellow to red, and so on. These color changes have been observed in some 74 families of plants. 20 The word woo in line 1 is closest in meaning to

QUESTIONS 19 – 30 Many flowering plants woo insect pollinators and gently direct them to their most fertile blossoms by changing the color of individual flowers from day to day. Through color cues, the plant signals to the insect that it would be better off visiting one flower on its bush than another. The particular hue tells the pollinator that the flower is full of far more pollen than are neighboring blooms. That nectar-rich flower also happens to be fertile and ready to disperse its pollen or to receive pollen the insect has picked up from another flower. Plants do not have to spend precious resources maintaining reservoirs of nectar in all their flowers. Thus, the color-coded communication system benefits both plant and insect. For example, on the lantana plant, a flower starts out on the first day as yellow, when it is rich with pollen and nectar. Influenced by an as-yet- unidentified environmental signal, the flower changes color by triggering
the production of the pigment anthromyacin. It turns orange on the second day and red on the third. By the third day, it has no pollen to offer insects
and is no longer fertile. On any given lantana bush, only 10 to 15 percent of the blossoms are likely to be yellow and fertile. But in tests measuring the responsiveness of butterflies, it was discovered that the insects visited the yellow flowers at least 100 times more than would be expected from haphazard visitation. Experiments with paper flowers and painted flowers demonstrated that the butterflies were responding to color cues rather than, say, the scent of the nectar. In other types of plants, blossoms change from white to red, others from yellow to red, and so on. These color changes have been observed in some 74 families of plants. 21 The word it in line 3 refers to

QUESTIONS 19 – 30 Many flowering plants woo insect pollinators and gently direct them to their most fertile blossoms by changing the color of individual flowers from day to day. Through color cues, the plant signals to the insect that it would be better off visiting one flower on its bush than another. The particular hue tells the pollinator that the flower is full of far more pollen than are neighboring blooms. That nectar-rich flower also happens to be fertile and ready to disperse its pollen or to receive pollen the insect has picked up from another flower. Plants do not have to spend precious resources maintaining reservoirs of nectar in all their flowers. Thus, the color-coded communication system benefits both plant and insect. For example, on the lantana plant, a flower starts out on the first day as yellow, when it is rich with pollen and nectar. Influenced by an as-yet- unidentified environmental signal, the flower changes color by triggering
the production of the pigment anthromyacin. It turns orange on the second day and red on the third. By the third day, it has no pollen to offer insects
and is no longer fertile. On any given lantana bush, only 10 to 15 percent of the blossoms are likely to be yellow and fertile. But in tests measuring the responsiveness of butterflies, it was discovered that the insects visited the yellow flowers at least 100 times more than would be expected from haphazard visitation. Experiments with paper flowers and painted flowers demonstrated that the butterflies were responding to color cues rather than, say, the scent of the nectar. In other types of plants, blossoms change from white to red, others from yellow to red, and so on. These color changes have been observed in some 74 families of plants. 22 The word hue in line 5 is closest
in meaning to

QUESTIONS 19 – 30 Many flowering plants woo insect pollinators and gently direct them to their most fertile blossoms by changing the color of individual flowers from day to day. Through color cues, the plant signals to the insect that it would be better off visiting one flower on its bush than another. The particular hue tells the pollinator that the flower is full of far more pollen than are neighboring blooms. That nectar-rich flower also happens to be fertile and ready to disperse its pollen or to receive pollen the insect has picked up from another flower. Plants do not have to spend precious resources maintaining reservoirs of nectar in all their flowers. Thus, the color-coded communication system benefits both plant and insect. For example, on the lantana plant, a flower starts out on the first day as yellow, when it is rich with pollen and nectar. Influenced by an as-yet- unidentified environmental signal, the flower changes color by triggering
the production of the pigment anthromyacin. It turns orange on the second day and red on the third. By the third day, it has no pollen to offer insects
and is no longer fertile. On any given lantana bush, only 10 to 15 percent of the blossoms are likely to be yellow and fertile. But in tests measuring the responsiveness of butterflies, it was discovered that the insects visited the yellow flowers at least 100 times more than would be expected from haphazard visitation. Experiments with paper flowers and painted flowers demonstrated that the butterflies were responding to color cues rather than, say, the scent of the nectar. In other types of plants, blossoms change from white to red, others from yellow to red, and so on. These color changes have been observed in some 74 families of plants. 23 The word Thus in line 9 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

QUESTIONS 19 – 30 Many flowering plants woo insect pollinators and gently direct them to their most fertile blossoms by changing the color of individual flowers from day to day. Through color cues, the plant signals to the insect that it would be better off visiting one flower on its bush than another. The particular hue tells the pollinator that the flower is full of far more pollen than are neighboring blooms. That nectar-rich flower also happens to be fertile and ready to disperse its pollen or to receive pollen the insect has picked up from another flower. Plants do not have to spend precious resources maintaining reservoirs of nectar in all their flowers. Thus, the color-coded communication system benefits both plant and insect. For example, on the lantana plant, a flower starts out on the first day as yellow, when it is rich with pollen and nectar. Influenced by an as-yet- unidentified environmental signal, the flower changes color by triggering
the production of the pigment anthromyacin. It turns orange on the second day and red on the third. By the third day, it has no pollen to offer insects
and is no longer fertile. On any given lantana bush, only 10 to 15 percent of the blossoms are likely to be yellow and fertile. But in tests measuring the responsiveness of butterflies, it was discovered that the insects visited the yellow flowers at least 100 times more than would be expected from haphazard visitation. Experiments with paper flowers and painted flowers demonstrated that the butterflies were responding to color cues rather than, say, the scent of the nectar. In other types of plants, blossoms change from white to red, others from yellow to red, and so on. These color changes have been observed in some 74 families of plants. 24 Which of the following describes the sequence of color changes that lantana blossoms undergo?

QUESTIONS 19 – 30 Many flowering plants woo insect pollinators and gently direct them to their most fertile blossoms by changing the color of individual flowers from day to day. Through color cues, the plant signals to the insect that it would be better off visiting one flower on its bush than another. The particular hue tells the pollinator that the flower is full of far more pollen than are neighboring blooms. That nectar-rich flower also happens to be fertile and ready to disperse its pollen or to receive pollen the insect has picked up from another flower. Plants do not have to spend precious resources maintaining reservoirs of nectar in all their flowers. Thus, the color-coded communication system benefits both plant and insect. For example, on the lantana plant, a flower starts out on the first day as yellow, when it is rich with pollen and nectar. Influenced by an as-yet- unidentified environmental signal, the flower changes color by triggering
the production of the pigment anthromyacin. It turns orange on the second day and red on the third. By the third day, it has no pollen to offer insects
and is no longer fertile. On any given lantana bush, only 10 to 15 percent of the blossoms are likely to be yellow and fertile. But in tests measuring the responsiveness of butterflies, it was discovered that the insects visited the yellow flowers at least 100 times more than would be expected from haphazard visitation. Experiments with paper flowers and painted flowers demonstrated that the butterflies were responding to color cues rather than, say, the scent of the nectar. In other types of plants, blossoms change from white to red, others from yellow to red, and so on. These color changes have been observed in some 74 families of plants. 25 The word triggering in line 13 is closest in meaning to

QUESTIONS 19 – 30 Many flowering plants woo insect pollinators and gently direct them to their most fertile blossoms by changing the color of individual flowers from day to day. Through color cues, the plant signals to the insect that it would be better off visiting one flower on its bush than another. The particular hue tells the pollinator that the flower is full of far more pollen than are neighboring blooms. That nectar-rich flower also happens to be fertile and ready to disperse its pollen or to receive pollen the insect has picked up from another flower. Plants do not have to spend precious resources maintaining reservoirs of nectar in all their flowers. Thus, the color-coded communication system benefits both plant and insect. For example, on the lantana plant, a flower starts out on the first day as yellow, when it is rich with pollen and nectar. Influenced by an as-yet- unidentified environmental signal, the flower changes color by triggering
the production of the pigment anthromyacin. It turns orange on the second day and red on the third. By the third day, it has no pollen to offer insects
and is no longer fertile. On any given lantana bush, only 10 to 15 percent of the blossoms are likely to be yellow and fertile. But in tests measuring the responsiveness of butterflies, it was discovered that the insects visited the yellow flowers at least 100 times more than would be expected from haphazard visitation. Experiments with paper flowers and painted flowers demonstrated that the butterflies were responding to color cues rather than, say, the scent of the nectar. In other types of plants, blossoms change from white to red, others from yellow to red, and so on. These color changes have been observed in some 74 families of plants. 26 The passage implies that insects would be most attracted to lantana blossoms

QUESTIONS 19 – 30 Many flowering plants woo insect pollinators and gently direct them to their most fertile blossoms by changing the color of individual flowers from day to day. Through color cues, the plant signals to the insect that it would be better off visiting one flower on its bush than another. The particular hue tells the pollinator that the flower is full of far more pollen than are neighboring blooms. That nectar-rich flower also happens to be fertile and ready to disperse its pollen or to receive pollen the insect has picked up from another flower. Plants do not have to spend precious resources maintaining reservoirs of nectar in all their flowers. Thus, the color-coded communication system benefits both plant and insect. For example, on the lantana plant, a flower starts out on the first day as yellow, when it is rich with pollen and nectar. Influenced by an as-yet- unidentified environmental signal, the flower changes color by triggering
the production of the pigment anthromyacin. It turns orange on the second day and red on the third. By the third day, it has no pollen to offer insects
and is no longer fertile. On any given lantana bush, only 10 to 15 percent of the blossoms are likely to be yellow and fertile. But in tests measuring the responsiveness of butterflies, it was discovered that the insects visited the yellow flowers at least 100 times more than would be expected from haphazard visitation. Experiments with paper flowers and painted flowers demonstrated that the butterflies were responding to color cues rather than, say, the scent of the nectar. In other types of plants, blossoms change from white to red, others from yellow to red, and so on. These color changes have been observed in some 74 families of plants. 27 According to the passage, what is the purpose of the experiments involving paper flowers and painted flowers?

QUESTIONS 19 – 30 Many flowering plants woo insect pollinators and gently direct them to their most fertile blossoms by changing the color of individual flowers from day to day. Through color cues, the plant signals to the insect that it would be better off visiting one flower on its bush than another. The particular hue tells the pollinator that the flower is full of far more pollen than are neighboring blooms. That nectar-rich flower also happens to be fertile and ready to disperse its pollen or to receive pollen the insect has picked up from another flower. Plants do not have to spend precious resources maintaining reservoirs of nectar in all their flowers. Thus, the color-coded communication system benefits both plant and insect. For example, on the lantana plant, a flower starts out on the first day as yellow, when it is rich with pollen and nectar. Influenced by an as-yet- unidentified environmental signal, the flower changes color by triggering
the production of the pigment anthromyacin. It turns orange on the second day and red on the third. By the third day, it has no pollen to offer insects
and is no longer fertile. On any given lantana bush, only 10 to 15 percent of the blossoms are likely to be yellow and fertile. But in tests measuring the responsiveness of butterflies, it was discovered that the insects visited the yellow flowers at least 100 times more than would be expected from haphazard visitation. Experiments with paper flowers and painted flowers demonstrated that the butterflies were responding to color cues rather than, say, the scent of the nectar. In other types of plants, blossoms change from white to red, others from yellow to red, and so on. These color changes have been observed in some 74 families of plants. 28 The word haphazard in line 20 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

QUESTIONS 19 – 30 Many flowering plants woo insect pollinators and gently direct them to their most fertile blossoms by changing the color of individual flowers from day to day. Through color cues, the plant signals to the insect that it would be better off visiting one flower on its bush than another. The particular hue tells the pollinator that the flower is full of far more pollen than are neighboring blooms. That nectar-rich flower also happens to be fertile and ready to disperse its pollen or to receive pollen the insect has picked up from another flower. Plants do not have to spend precious resources maintaining reservoirs of nectar in all their flowers. Thus, the color-coded communication system benefits both plant and insect. For example, on the lantana plant, a flower starts out on the first day as yellow, when it is rich with pollen and nectar. Influenced by an as-yet- unidentified environmental signal, the flower changes color by triggering
the production of the pigment anthromyacin. It turns orange on the second day and red on the third. By the third day, it has no pollen to offer insects
and is no longer fertile. On any given lantana bush, only 10 to 15 percent of the blossoms are likely to be yellow and fertile. But in tests measuring the responsiveness of butterflies, it was discovered that the insects visited the yellow flowers at least 100 times more than would be expected from haphazard visitation. Experiments with paper flowers and painted flowers demonstrated that the butterflies were responding to color cues rather than, say, the scent of the nectar. In other types of plants, blossoms change from white to red, others from yellow to red, and so on. These color changes have been observed in some 74 families of plants. 29 What is known from the passage about the other types of plants mentioned in line 23?

QUESTIONS 19 – 30 Many flowering plants woo insect pollinators and gently direct them to their most fertile blossoms by changing the color of individual flowers from day to day. Through color cues, the plant signals to the insect that it would be better off visiting one flower on its bush than another. The particular hue tells the pollinator that the flower is full of far more pollen than are neighboring blooms. That nectar-rich flower also happens to be fertile and ready to disperse its pollen or to receive pollen the insect has picked up from another flower. Plants do not have to spend precious resources maintaining reservoirs of nectar in all their flowers. Thus, the color-coded communication system benefits both plant and insect. For example, on the lantana plant, a flower starts out on the first day as yellow, when it is rich with pollen and nectar. Influenced by an as-yet- unidentified environmental signal, the flower changes color by triggering
the production of the pigment anthromyacin. It turns orange on the second day and red on the third. By the third day, it has no pollen to offer insects
and is no longer fertile. On any given lantana bush, only 10 to 15 percent of the blossoms are likely to be yellow and fertile. But in tests measuring the responsiveness of butterflies, it was discovered that the insects visited the yellow flowers at least 100 times more than would be expected from haphazard visitation. Experiments with paper flowers and painted flowers demonstrated that the butterflies were responding to color cues rather than, say, the scent of the nectar. In other types of plants, blossoms change from white to red, others from yellow to red, and so on. These color changes have been observed in some 74 families of plants. 30 According to the passage, in approximately how many families of plants has the color-changing phenomenon described in the passage been observed?

QUESTIONS 31 – 39 The 1960s, however, saw a rising dissatisfaction with the Modernist movement, especially in North America where its failings were exposed in two influential books, Jane Jacobs’ The Death and Life of Great American Cities in 1961 and Robert Venturi’s Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture in 1966. Jacobs highlighted the destruction of the richness of American cities by massive, impersonal buildings. Venturi implied that Modernist
structures were without meaning because they lacked the complexity and intimacy of historical buildings. This dissatisfaction was translated into action in 1972 with the demolition of several fourteen-story Modernist apartment blocks that only twenty years before had won architectural prizes. Similar housing developments were destroyed elsewhere in North America in the following decades, but it was in St. Louis that the post-Modernist era began.
Post-Modernist architects have little in common in terms of style or theory. They are united mainly in their opposition to the Modernist style. Robert Venturi’s designs show wit, humanity, and historical reference. These tendencies can bp seen in his bold design for the Tucker House (1975) in Katonah. New York, and the Brant-Johnson House (1975) in Vail, Colorado, which owes something to the Italian Renaissance. Similar characteristics are apparent in the work of Venturi’s disciple Michael Graves. Graves’ Portland Public Service Building (1982) in Portland, Oregon, and his Humana Tower (1986) in Louisville, Kentucky, have the bulk of skyscrapers but incorporate historical souvenirs such as colonnades, belvederes, keystones, and decorative sculpture.
Other post-Modernists rejected the playfulness ofVenturi and his group. They chose a more historically faithful classical style, as in Greenberg and
Blateau’s reception rooms at the U.S. Department of State in Washington D.C. (1984-86). The most complete instance of historical accuracy is the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu, California (1970-75), designed by Langdon and Wilson. They relied on archaeological advice to achieve the authentic quality of a Roman villa. 31 With which of the following topics did the paragraph preceding the passage probably deal?

QUESTIONS 31 – 39 The 1960s, however, saw a rising dissatisfaction with the Modernist movement, especially in North America where its failings were exposed in two influential books, Jane Jacobs’ The Death and Life of Great American Cities in 1961 and Robert Venturi’s Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture in 1966. Jacobs highlighted the destruction of the richness of American cities by massive, impersonal buildings. Venturi implied that Modernist
structures were without meaning because they lacked the complexity and intimacy of historical buildings. This dissatisfaction was translated into action in 1972 with the demolition of several fourteen-story Modernist apartment blocks that only twenty years before had won architectural prizes. Similar housing developments were destroyed elsewhere in North America in the following decades, but it was in St. Louis that the post-Modernist era began.
Post-Modernist architects have little in common in terms of style or theory. They are united mainly in their opposition to the Modernist style. Robert Venturi’s designs show wit, humanity, and historical reference. These tendencies can bp seen in his bold design for the Tucker House (1975) in Katonah. New York, and the Brant-Johnson House (1975) in Vail, Colorado, which owes something to the Italian Renaissance. Similar characteristics are apparent in the work of Venturi’s disciple Michael Graves. Graves’ Portland Public Service Building (1982) in Portland, Oregon, and his Humana Tower (1986) in Louisville, Kentucky, have the bulk of skyscrapers but incorporate historical souvenirs such as colonnades, belvederes, keystones, and decorative sculpture.
Other post-Modernists rejected the playfulness ofVenturi and his group. They chose a more historically faithful classical style, as in Greenberg and
Blateau’s reception rooms at the U.S. Department of State in Washington D.C. (1984-86). The most complete instance of historical accuracy is the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu, California (1970-75), designed by Langdon and Wilson. They relied on archaeological advice to achieve the authentic quality of a Roman villa. 32 Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word highlighted in line 5?

QUESTIONS 31 – 39 The 1960s, however, saw a rising dissatisfaction with the Modernist movement, especially in North America where its failings were exposed in two influential books, Jane Jacobs’ The Death and Life of Great American Cities in 1961 and Robert Venturi’s Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture in 1966. Jacobs highlighted the destruction of the richness of American cities by massive, impersonal buildings. Venturi implied that Modernist
structures were without meaning because they lacked the complexity and intimacy of historical buildings. This dissatisfaction was translated into action in 1972 with the demolition of several fourteen-story Modernist apartment blocks that only twenty years before had won architectural prizes. Similar housing developments were destroyed elsewhere in North America in the following decades, but it was in St. Louis that the post-Modernist era began.
Post-Modernist architects have little in common in terms of style or theory. They are united mainly in their opposition to the Modernist style. Robert Venturi’s designs show wit, humanity, and historical reference. These tendencies can bp seen in his bold design for the Tucker House (1975) in Katonah. New York, and the Brant-Johnson House (1975) in Vail, Colorado, which owes something to the Italian Renaissance. Similar characteristics are apparent in the work of Venturi’s disciple Michael Graves. Graves’ Portland Public Service Building (1982) in Portland, Oregon, and his Humana Tower (1986) in Louisville, Kentucky, have the bulk of skyscrapers but incorporate historical souvenirs such as colonnades, belvederes, keystones, and decorative sculpture.
Other post-Modernists rejected the playfulness ofVenturi and his group. They chose a more historically faithful classical style, as in Greenberg and
Blateau’s reception rooms at the U.S. Department of State in Washington D.C. (1984-86). The most complete instance of historical accuracy is the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu, California (1970-75), designed by Langdon and Wilson. They relied on archaeological advice to achieve the authentic quality of a Roman villa. 33 The word they in line 7 refers to

QUESTIONS 31 – 39 The 1960s, however, saw a rising dissatisfaction with the Modernist movement, especially in North America where its failings were exposed in two influential books, Jane Jacobs’ The Death and Life of Great American Cities in 1961 and Robert Venturi’s Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture in 1966. Jacobs highlighted the destruction of the richness of American cities by massive, impersonal buildings. Venturi implied that Modernist
structures were without meaning because they lacked the complexity and intimacy of historical buildings. This dissatisfaction was translated into action in 1972 with the demolition of several fourteen-story Modernist apartment blocks that only twenty years before had won architectural prizes. Similar housing developments were destroyed elsewhere in North America in the following decades, but it was in St. Louis that the post-Modernist era began.
Post-Modernist architects have little in common in terms of style or theory. They are united mainly in their opposition to the Modernist style. Robert Venturi’s designs show wit, humanity, and historical reference. These tendencies can bp seen in his bold design for the Tucker House (1975) in Katonah. New York, and the Brant-Johnson House (1975) in Vail, Colorado, which owes something to the Italian Renaissance. Similar characteristics are apparent in the work of Venturi’s disciple Michael Graves. Graves’ Portland Public Service Building (1982) in Portland, Oregon, and his Humana Tower (1986) in Louisville, Kentucky, have the bulk of skyscrapers but incorporate historical souvenirs such as colonnades, belvederes, keystones, and decorative sculpture.
Other post-Modernists rejected the playfulness ofVenturi and his group. They chose a more historically faithful classical style, as in Greenberg and
Blateau’s reception rooms at the U.S. Department of State in Washington D.C. (1984-86). The most complete instance of historical accuracy is the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu, California (1970-75), designed by Langdon and Wilson. They relied on archaeological advice to achieve the authentic quality of a Roman villa. 34 According to the passage, what do the two books mentioned in the first paragraph have in common?

QUESTIONS 31 – 39 The 1960s, however, saw a rising dissatisfaction with the Modernist movement, especially in North America where its failings were exposed in two influential books, Jane Jacobs’ The Death and Life of Great American Cities in 1961 and Robert Venturi’s Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture in 1966. Jacobs highlighted the destruction of the richness of American cities by massive, impersonal buildings. Venturi implied that Modernist
structures were without meaning because they lacked the complexity and intimacy of historical buildings. This dissatisfaction was translated into action in 1972 with the demolition of several fourteen-story Modernist apartment blocks that only twenty years before had won architectural prizes. Similar housing developments were destroyed elsewhere in North America in the following decades, but it was in St. Louis that the post-Modernist era began.
Post-Modernist architects have little in common in terms of style or theory. They are united mainly in their opposition to the Modernist style. Robert Venturi’s designs show wit, humanity, and historical reference. These tendencies can bp seen in his bold design for the Tucker House (1975) in Katonah. New York, and the Brant-Johnson House (1975) in Vail, Colorado, which owes something to the Italian Renaissance. Similar characteristics are apparent in the work of Venturi’s disciple Michael Graves. Graves’ Portland Public Service Building (1982) in Portland, Oregon, and his Humana Tower (1986) in Louisville, Kentucky, have the bulk of skyscrapers but incorporate historical souvenirs such as colonnades, belvederes, keystones, and decorative sculpture.
Other post-Modernists rejected the playfulness ofVenturi and his group. They chose a more historically faithful classical style, as in Greenberg and
Blateau’s reception rooms at the U.S. Department of State in Washington D.C. (1984-86). The most complete instance of historical accuracy is the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu, California (1970-75), designed by Langdon and Wilson. They relied on archaeological advice to achieve the authentic quality of a Roman villa. 35 According to the author, which event signalled the beginning of post-Modernism?

QUESTIONS 31 – 39 The 1960s, however, saw a rising dissatisfaction with the Modernist movement, especially in North America where its failings were exposed in two influential books, Jane Jacobs’ The Death and Life of Great American Cities in 1961 and Robert Venturi’s Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture in 1966. Jacobs highlighted the destruction of the richness of American cities by massive, impersonal buildings. Venturi implied that Modernist
structures were without meaning because they lacked the complexity and intimacy of historical buildings. This dissatisfaction was translated into action in 1972 with the demolition of several fourteen-story Modernist apartment blocks that only twenty years before had won architectural prizes. Similar housing developments were destroyed elsewhere in North America in the following decades, but it was in St. Louis that the post-Modernist era began.
Post-Modernist architects have little in common in terms of style or theory. They are united mainly in their opposition to the Modernist style. Robert Venturi’s designs show wit, humanity, and historical reference. These tendencies can bp seen in his bold design for the Tucker House (1975) in Katonah. New York, and the Brant-Johnson House (1975) in Vail, Colorado, which owes something to the Italian Renaissance. Similar characteristics are apparent in the work of Venturi’s disciple Michael Graves. Graves’ Portland Public Service Building (1982) in Portland, Oregon, and his Humana Tower (1986) in Louisville, Kentucky, have the bulk of skyscrapers but incorporate historical souvenirs such as colonnades, belvederes, keystones, and decorative sculpture.
Other post-Modernists rejected the playfulness ofVenturi and his group. They chose a more historically faithful classical style, as in Greenberg and
Blateau’s reception rooms at the U.S. Department of State in Washington D.C. (1984-86). The most complete instance of historical accuracy is the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu, California (1970-75), designed by Langdon and Wilson. They relied on archaeological advice to achieve the authentic quality of a Roman villa. 36 The author mentions that a house designed by Robert Venturi in a style influenced by the Italian Renaissance was built in

QUESTIONS 31 – 39 The 1960s, however, saw a rising dissatisfaction with the Modernist movement, especially in North America where its failings were exposed in two influential books, Jane Jacobs’ The Death and Life of Great American Cities in 1961 and Robert Venturi’s Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture in 1966. Jacobs highlighted the destruction of the richness of American cities by massive, impersonal buildings. Venturi implied that Modernist
structures were without meaning because they lacked the complexity and intimacy of historical buildings. This dissatisfaction was translated into action in 1972 with the demolition of several fourteen-story Modernist apartment blocks that only twenty years before had won architectural prizes. Similar housing developments were destroyed elsewhere in North America in the following decades, but it was in St. Louis that the post-Modernist era began.
Post-Modernist architects have little in common in terms of style or theory. They are united mainly in their opposition to the Modernist style. Robert Venturi’s designs show wit, humanity, and historical reference. These tendencies can bp seen in his bold design for the Tucker House (1975) in Katonah. New York, and the Brant-Johnson House (1975) in Vail, Colorado, which owes something to the Italian Renaissance. Similar characteristics are apparent in the work of Venturi’s disciple Michael Graves. Graves’ Portland Public Service Building (1982) in Portland, Oregon, and his Humana Tower (1986) in Louisville, Kentucky, have the bulk of skyscrapers but incorporate historical souvenirs such as colonnades, belvederes, keystones, and decorative sculpture.
Other post-Modernists rejected the playfulness ofVenturi and his group. They chose a more historically faithful classical style, as in Greenberg and
Blateau’s reception rooms at the U.S. Department of State in Washington D.C. (1984-86). The most complete instance of historical accuracy is the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu, California (1970-75), designed by Langdon and Wilson. They relied on archaeological advice to achieve the authentic quality of a Roman villa. 37 Which of the following is closest in meaning to disciple in line 20?

QUESTIONS 31 – 39 The 1960s, however, saw a rising dissatisfaction with the Modernist movement, especially in North America where its failings were exposed in two influential books, Jane Jacobs’ The Death and Life of Great American Cities in 1961 and Robert Venturi’s Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture in 1966. Jacobs highlighted the destruction of the richness of American cities by massive, impersonal buildings. Venturi implied that Modernist
structures were without meaning because they lacked the complexity and intimacy of historical buildings. This dissatisfaction was translated into action in 1972 with the demolition of several fourteen-story Modernist apartment blocks that only twenty years before had won architectural prizes. Similar housing developments were destroyed elsewhere in North America in the following decades, but it was in St. Louis that the post-Modernist era began.
Post-Modernist architects have little in common in terms of style or theory. They are united mainly in their opposition to the Modernist style. Robert Venturi’s designs show wit, humanity, and historical reference. These tendencies can bp seen in his bold design for the Tucker House (1975) in Katonah. New York, and the Brant-Johnson House (1975) in Vail, Colorado, which owes something to the Italian Renaissance. Similar characteristics are apparent in the work of Venturi’s disciple Michael Graves. Graves’ Portland Public Service Building (1982) in Portland, Oregon, and his Humana Tower (1986) in Louisville, Kentucky, have the bulk of skyscrapers but incorporate historical souvenirs such as colonnades, belvederes, keystones, and decorative sculpture.
Other post-Modernists rejected the playfulness ofVenturi and his group. They chose a more historically faithful classical style, as in Greenberg and
Blateau’s reception rooms at the U.S. Department of State in Washington D.C. (1984-86). The most complete instance of historical accuracy is the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu, California (1970-75), designed by Langdon and Wilson. They relied on archaeological advice to achieve the authentic quality of a Roman villa. 38 What does the author imply about the Portland Public Service Building and the Humana Building?

QUESTIONS 31 – 39 The 1960s, however, saw a rising dissatisfaction with the Modernist movement, especially in North America where its failings were exposed in two influential books, Jane Jacobs’ The Death and Life of Great American Cities in 1961 and Robert Venturi’s Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture in 1966. Jacobs highlighted the destruction of the richness of American cities by massive, impersonal buildings. Venturi implied that Modernist
structures were without meaning because they lacked the complexity and intimacy of historical buildings. This dissatisfaction was translated into action in 1972 with the demolition of several fourteen-story Modernist apartment blocks that only twenty years before had won architectural prizes. Similar housing developments were destroyed elsewhere in North America in the following decades, but it was in St. Louis that the post-Modernist era began.
Post-Modernist architects have little in common in terms of style or theory. They are united mainly in their opposition to the Modernist style. Robert Venturi’s designs show wit, humanity, and historical reference. These tendencies can bp seen in his bold design for the Tucker House (1975) in Katonah. New York, and the Brant-Johnson House (1975) in Vail, Colorado, which owes something to the Italian Renaissance. Similar characteristics are apparent in the work of Venturi’s disciple Michael Graves. Graves’ Portland Public Service Building (1982) in Portland, Oregon, and his Humana Tower (1986) in Louisville, Kentucky, have the bulk of skyscrapers but incorporate historical souvenirs such as colonnades, belvederes, keystones, and decorative sculpture.
Other post-Modernists rejected the playfulness ofVenturi and his group. They chose a more historically faithful classical style, as in Greenberg and
Blateau’s reception rooms at the U.S. Department of State in Washington D.C. (1984-86). The most complete instance of historical accuracy is the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu, California (1970-75), designed by Langdon and Wilson. They relied on archaeological advice to achieve the authentic quality of a Roman villa. 39 The J. Paul Getty Museum is given as an example of

QUESTIONS 40 – 50 While many nineteenth-century reformers hoped to bring about reform through education or by eliminating specific social evils, some thinkers wanted to start over and remake society by founding ideal, cooperative communities. The United States seemed to them a spacious and unencumbered country where models of a perfect society could succeed. These communitarian thinkers hoped their success would lead to imitation, until communities free of crime, poverty, and other social ills would cover the land. A number of religious groups, notably the Shakers, practiced communal living, but the main impetus to found model communities came from nonreligious, rationalistic think: is. Among the communitarian philosophers, three of the most influential were Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and John Humphrey Noyes. Owen, famous for his humanitarian policies as owner of several thriving textile mills in
Scotland, believed that faulty environment was to blame for human problems and that these problem.’, could be eliminated in a rationally planned society. In 1825 he put his principles into practice at New Harmony, Indiana. The community failed economically after a few years but not before achieving a number of social successes. Fourier, a commercial employee in France, never visited the United States. However, his theories of cooperative living influenced
many Americans through the writings of Albert Brisbane, whose Social Destiny of Man explained Fourierism and its self-sufficient associations or “phalanxes.” One or more of these phalanxes was organized in every Northern state. The most famous were Red Bank, New Jersey, and Brook Farm, Massachusetts.
An early member of the latter was the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Noyes founded the most enduring and probably the oddest of the utopian communities, the Oneida Community of upstate New York. Needless to say, none of these experiments had any lasting effects on the patterns of American society. 40 The main topic of the passage is

QUESTIONS 40 – 50 While many nineteenth-century reformers hoped to bring about reform through education or by eliminating specific social evils, some thinkers wanted to start over and remake society by founding ideal, cooperative communities. The United States seemed to them a spacious and unencumbered country where models of a perfect society could succeed. These communitarian thinkers hoped their success would lead to imitation, until communities free of crime, poverty, and other social ills would cover the land. A number of religious groups, notably the Shakers, practiced communal living, but the main impetus to found model communities came from nonreligious, rationalistic think: is. Among the communitarian philosophers, three of the most influential were Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and John Humphrey Noyes. Owen, famous for his humanitarian policies as owner of several thriving textile mills in
Scotland, believed that faulty environment was to blame for human problems and that these problem.’, could be eliminated in a rationally planned society. In 1825 he put his principles into practice at New Harmony, Indiana. The community failed economically after a few years but not before achieving a number of social successes. Fourier, a commercial employee in France, never visited the United States. However, his theories of cooperative living influenced
many Americans through the writings of Albert Brisbane, whose Social Destiny of Man explained Fourierism and its self-sufficient associations or “phalanxes.” One or more of these phalanxes was organized in every Northern state. The most famous were Red Bank, New Jersey, and Brook Farm, Massachusetts.
An early member of the latter was the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Noyes founded the most enduring and probably the oddest of the utopian communities, the Oneida Community of upstate New York. Needless to say, none of these experiments had any lasting effects on the patterns of American society. 41 Which of the following is NOT given in the passage as one of the general goals of communitarian philosophers?

QUESTIONS 40 – 50 While many nineteenth-century reformers hoped to bring about reform through education or by eliminating specific social evils, some thinkers wanted to start over and remake society by founding ideal, cooperative communities. The United States seemed to them a spacious and unencumbered country where models of a perfect society could succeed. These communitarian thinkers hoped their success would lead to imitation, until communities free of crime, poverty, and other social ills would cover the land. A number of religious groups, notably the Shakers, practiced communal living, but the main impetus to found model communities came from nonreligious, rationalistic think: is. Among the communitarian philosophers, three of the most influential were Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and John Humphrey Noyes. Owen, famous for his humanitarian policies as owner of several thriving textile mills in
Scotland, believed that faulty environment was to blame for human problems and that these problem.’, could be eliminated in a rationally planned society. In 1825 he put his principles into practice at New Harmony, Indiana. The community failed economically after a few years but not before achieving a number of social successes. Fourier, a commercial employee in France, never visited the United States. However, his theories of cooperative living influenced
many Americans through the writings of Albert Brisbane, whose Social Destiny of Man explained Fourierism and its self-sufficient associations or “phalanxes.” One or more of these phalanxes was organized in every Northern state. The most famous were Red Bank, New Jersey, and Brook Farm, Massachusetts.
An early member of the latter was the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Noyes founded the most enduring and probably the oddest of the utopian communities, the Oneida Community of upstate New York. Needless to say, none of these experiments had any lasting effects on the patterns of American society. 42 The Shakers are mentioned in line 8 as an example of

QUESTIONS 40 – 50 While many nineteenth-century reformers hoped to bring about reform through education or by eliminating specific social evils, some thinkers wanted to start over and remake society by founding ideal, cooperative communities. The United States seemed to them a spacious and unencumbered country where models of a perfect society could succeed. These communitarian thinkers hoped their success would lead to imitation, until communities free of crime, poverty, and other social ills would cover the land. A number of religious groups, notably the Shakers, practiced communal living, but the main impetus to found model communities came from nonreligious, rationalistic think: is. Among the communitarian philosophers, three of the most influential were Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and John Humphrey Noyes. Owen, famous for his humanitarian policies as owner of several thriving textile mills in
Scotland, believed that faulty environment was to blame for human problems and that these problem.’, could be eliminated in a rationally planned society. In 1825 he put his principles into practice at New Harmony, Indiana. The community failed economically after a few years but not before achieving a number of social successes. Fourier, a commercial employee in France, never visited the United States. However, his theories of cooperative living influenced
many Americans through the writings of Albert Brisbane, whose Social Destiny of Man explained Fourierism and its self-sufficient associations or “phalanxes.” One or more of these phalanxes was organized in every Northern state. The most famous were Red Bank, New Jersey, and Brook Farm, Massachusetts.
An early member of the latter was the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Noyes founded the most enduring and probably the oddest of the utopian communities, the Oneida Community of upstate New York. Needless to say, none of these experiments had any lasting effects on the patterns of American society. 43 Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word impetus in line 8?

QUESTIONS 40 – 50 While many nineteenth-century reformers hoped to bring about reform through education or by eliminating specific social evils, some thinkers wanted to start over and remake society by founding ideal, cooperative communities. The United States seemed to them a spacious and unencumbered country where models of a perfect society could succeed. These communitarian thinkers hoped their success would lead to imitation, until communities free of crime, poverty, and other social ills would cover the land. A number of religious groups, notably the Shakers, practiced communal living, but the main impetus to found model communities came from nonreligious, rationalistic think: is. Among the communitarian philosophers, three of the most influential were Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and John Humphrey Noyes. Owen, famous for his humanitarian policies as owner of several thriving textile mills in
Scotland, believed that faulty environment was to blame for human problems and that these problem.’, could be eliminated in a rationally planned society. In 1825 he put his principles into practice at New Harmony, Indiana. The community failed economically after a few years but not before achieving a number of social successes. Fourier, a commercial employee in France, never visited the United States. However, his theories of cooperative living influenced
many Americans through the writings of Albert Brisbane, whose Social Destiny of Man explained Fourierism and its self-sufficient associations or “phalanxes.” One or more of these phalanxes was organized in every Northern state. The most famous were Red Bank, New Jersey, and Brook Farm, Massachusetts.
An early member of the latter was the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Noyes founded the most enduring and probably the oddest of the utopian communities, the Oneida Community of upstate New York. Needless to say, none of these experiments had any lasting effects on the patterns of American society. 44 Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word thriving in line 12?

QUESTIONS 40 – 50 While many nineteenth-century reformers hoped to bring about reform through education or by eliminating specific social evils, some thinkers wanted to start over and remake society by founding ideal, cooperative communities. The United States seemed to them a spacious and unencumbered country where models of a perfect society could succeed. These communitarian thinkers hoped their success would lead to imitation, until communities free of crime, poverty, and other social ills would cover the land. A number of religious groups, notably the Shakers, practiced communal living, but the main impetus to found model communities came from nonreligious, rationalistic think: is. Among the communitarian philosophers, three of the most influential were Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and John Humphrey Noyes. Owen, famous for his humanitarian policies as owner of several thriving textile mills in
Scotland, believed that faulty environment was to blame for human problems and that these problem.’, could be eliminated in a rationally planned society. In 1825 he put his principles into practice at New Harmony, Indiana. The community failed economically after a few years but not before achieving a number of social successes. Fourier, a commercial employee in France, never visited the United States. However, his theories of cooperative living influenced
many Americans through the writings of Albert Brisbane, whose Social Destiny of Man explained Fourierism and its self-sufficient associations or “phalanxes.” One or more of these phalanxes was organized in every Northern state. The most famous were Red Bank, New Jersey, and Brook Farm, Massachusetts.
An early member of the latter was the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Noyes founded the most enduring and probably the oddest of the utopian communities, the Oneida Community of upstate New York. Needless to say, none of these experiments had any lasting effects on the patterns of American society. 45 The “phalanxes” described in the second paragraph were an idea originally conceived by

QUESTIONS 40 – 50 While many nineteenth-century reformers hoped to bring about reform through education or by eliminating specific social evils, some thinkers wanted to start over and remake society by founding ideal, cooperative communities. The United States seemed to them a spacious and unencumbered country where models of a perfect society could succeed. These communitarian thinkers hoped their success would lead to imitation, until communities free of crime, poverty, and other social ills would cover the land. A number of religious groups, notably the Shakers, practiced communal living, but the main impetus to found model communities came from nonreligious, rationalistic think: is. Among the communitarian philosophers, three of the most influential were Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and John Humphrey Noyes. Owen, famous for his humanitarian policies as owner of several thriving textile mills in
Scotland, believed that faulty environment was to blame for human problems and that these problem.’, could be eliminated in a rationally planned society. In 1825 he put his principles into practice at New Harmony, Indiana. The community failed economically after a few years but not before achieving a number of social successes. Fourier, a commercial employee in France, never visited the United States. However, his theories of cooperative living influenced
many Americans through the writings of Albert Brisbane, whose Social Destiny of Man explained Fourierism and its self-sufficient associations or “phalanxes.” One or more of these phalanxes was organized in every Northern state. The most famous were Red Bank, New Jersey, and Brook Farm, Massachusetts.
An early member of the latter was the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Noyes founded the most enduring and probably the oddest of the utopian communities, the Oneida Community of upstate New York. Needless to say, none of these experiments had any lasting effects on the patterns of American society. 46 Why does the author mention Nathaniel Hawthorne in line 23?

QUESTIONS 40 – 50 While many nineteenth-century reformers hoped to bring about reform through education or by eliminating specific social evils, some thinkers wanted to start over and remake society by founding ideal, cooperative communities. The United States seemed to them a spacious and unencumbered country where models of a perfect society could succeed. These communitarian thinkers hoped their success would lead to imitation, until communities free of crime, poverty, and other social ills would cover the land. A number of religious groups, notably the Shakers, practiced communal living, but the main impetus to found model communities came from nonreligious, rationalistic think: is. Among the communitarian philosophers, three of the most influential were Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and John Humphrey Noyes. Owen, famous for his humanitarian policies as owner of several thriving textile mills in
Scotland, believed that faulty environment was to blame for human problems and that these problem.’, could be eliminated in a rationally planned society. In 1825 he put his principles into practice at New Harmony, Indiana. The community failed economically after a few years but not before achieving a number of social successes. Fourier, a commercial employee in France, never visited the United States. However, his theories of cooperative living influenced
many Americans through the writings of Albert Brisbane, whose Social Destiny of Man explained Fourierism and its self-sufficient associations or “phalanxes.” One or more of these phalanxes was organized in every Northern state. The most famous were Red Bank, New Jersey, and Brook Farm, Massachusetts.
An early member of the latter was the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Noyes founded the most enduring and probably the oddest of the utopian communities, the Oneida Community of upstate New York. Needless to say, none of these experiments had any lasting effects on the patterns of American society. 47 Which of the following communities lasted longest?

QUESTIONS 40 – 50 While many nineteenth-century reformers hoped to bring about reform through education or by eliminating specific social evils, some thinkers wanted to start over and remake society by founding ideal, cooperative communities. The United States seemed to them a spacious and unencumbered country where models of a perfect society could succeed. These communitarian thinkers hoped their success would lead to imitation, until communities free of crime, poverty, and other social ills would cover the land. A number of religious groups, notably the Shakers, practiced communal living, but the main impetus to found model communities came from nonreligious, rationalistic think: is. Among the communitarian philosophers, three of the most influential were Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and John Humphrey Noyes. Owen, famous for his humanitarian policies as owner of several thriving textile mills in
Scotland, believed that faulty environment was to blame for human problems and that these problem.’, could be eliminated in a rationally planned society. In 1825 he put his principles into practice at New Harmony, Indiana. The community failed economically after a few years but not before achieving a number of social successes. Fourier, a commercial employee in France, never visited the United States. However, his theories of cooperative living influenced
many Americans through the writings of Albert Brisbane, whose Social Destiny of Man explained Fourierism and its self-sufficient associations or “phalanxes.” One or more of these phalanxes was organized in every Northern state. The most famous were Red Bank, New Jersey, and Brook Farm, Massachusetts.
An early member of the latter was the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Noyes founded the most enduring and probably the oddest of the utopian communities, the Oneida Community of upstate New York. Needless to say, none of these experiments had any lasting effects on the patterns of American society. 48 The word oddest in line 24 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

QUESTIONS 40 – 50 While many nineteenth-century reformers hoped to bring about reform through education or by eliminating specific social evils, some thinkers wanted to start over and remake society by founding ideal, cooperative communities. The United States seemed to them a spacious and unencumbered country where models of a perfect society could succeed. These communitarian thinkers hoped their success would lead to imitation, until communities free of crime, poverty, and other social ills would cover the land. A number of religious groups, notably the Shakers, practiced communal living, but the main impetus to found model communities came from nonreligious, rationalistic think: is. Among the communitarian philosophers, three of the most influential were Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and John Humphrey Noyes. Owen, famous for his humanitarian policies as owner of several thriving textile mills in
Scotland, believed that faulty environment was to blame for human problems and that these problem.’, could be eliminated in a rationally planned society. In 1825 he put his principles into practice at New Harmony, Indiana. The community failed economically after a few years but not before achieving a number of social successes. Fourier, a commercial employee in France, never visited the United States. However, his theories of cooperative living influenced
many Americans through the writings of Albert Brisbane, whose Social Destiny of Man explained Fourierism and its self-sufficient associations or “phalanxes.” One or more of these phalanxes was organized in every Northern state. The most famous were Red Bank, New Jersey, and Brook Farm, Massachusetts.
An early member of the latter was the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Noyes founded the most enduring and probably the oddest of the utopian communities, the Oneida Community of upstate New York. Needless to say, none of these experiments had any lasting effects on the patterns of American society. 49 The author implies that, for readers, the conclusion of the passage is

QUESTIONS 40 – 50 While many nineteenth-century reformers hoped to bring about reform through education or by eliminating specific social evils, some thinkers wanted to start over and remake society by founding ideal, cooperative communities. The United States seemed to them a spacious and unencumbered country where models of a perfect society could succeed. These communitarian thinkers hoped their success would lead to imitation, until communities free of crime, poverty, and other social ills would cover the land. A number of religious groups, notably the Shakers, practiced communal living, but the main impetus to found model communities came from nonreligious, rationalistic think: is. Among the communitarian philosophers, three of the most influential were Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and John Humphrey Noyes. Owen, famous for his humanitarian policies as owner of several thriving textile mills in
Scotland, believed that faulty environment was to blame for human problems and that these problem.’, could be eliminated in a rationally planned society. In 1825 he put his principles into practice at New Harmony, Indiana. The community failed economically after a few years but not before achieving a number of social successes. Fourier, a commercial employee in France, never visited the United States. However, his theories of cooperative living influenced
many Americans through the writings of Albert Brisbane, whose Social Destiny of Man explained Fourierism and its self-sufficient associations or “phalanxes.” One or more of these phalanxes was organized in every Northern state. The most famous were Red Bank, New Jersey, and Brook Farm, Massachusetts.
An early member of the latter was the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Noyes founded the most enduring and probably the oddest of the utopian communities, the Oneida Community of upstate New York. Needless to say, none of these experiments had any lasting effects on the patterns of American society. 50 Why did the author probably divide the passage into two paragraphs?